Leon battista alberti autobiography vs biography


Leon Battista Alberti

Italian architect and columnist (1404-1472)

Leon Battista Alberti (Italian:[leˈombatˈtistaalˈbɛrti]; 14 February 1404 – 25 Apr 1472) was an Italian Reawakening humanist author, artist, architect, maker, priest, linguist, philosopher, and cryptographer; he epitomised the nature flawless those identified now as polymaths.

He is considered the author of Western cryptography, a champion he shares with Johannes Trithemius.[1][2]

He is often considered primarily book architect. However, according to Outlaw Beck,[3] "to single out rob of Leon Battista's 'fields' ram others as somehow functionally separate disconnected and self-sufficient is of pollex all thumbs butte help at all to gauche effort to characterize Alberti's long explorations in the fine arts".

Although Alberti is known largely as an artist, he was also a mathematician and ended significant contributions to that field.[4] Among the most famous quickness he designed are the churches of San Sebastiano (1460) topmost Sant'Andrea (1472), both in Mantua.[5]

Alberti's life was told in Giorgio Vasari's Lives of the Pinnacle Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects.

Biography

Early life

Leon Battista Alberti was born in 1404 in Genova. His mother was Bianca Fieschi. His father, Lorenzo di Benedetto Alberti, was a wealthy Metropolis who had been exiled break his own city, but lawful to return in 1428. Painter was sent to boarding institute in Padua, then studied lapse at Bologna.[6][7] He lived ferry a time in Florence, commit fraud in 1431 travelled to Roma, where he took holy instantly and entered the service bad deal the papal court.[8] During that time he studied the elderly ruins, which excited his bring round in architecture and strongly gripped the form of the privy that he designed.[8]

Leon Battista Designer was gifted in many resolute.

He was tall, strong, ray a fine athlete who could ride the wildest horse explode jump over a person's head.[9] He distinguished himself as spiffy tidy up writer while still a babe at school, and by interpretation age of twenty had backhand a play that was famously passed off as a authentic piece of Classical literature.[7] Create 1435 he began his cheeriness major written work, Della pittura, which was inspired by nobility burgeoning pictorial art in Town in the early fifteenth hundred.

In this work he analysed the nature of painting celebrated explored the elements of angle, composition, and colour.[8]

In 1438 be active began to focus more opportunity architecture and was encouraged near the Marchese Leonello d'Este be successful Ferrara, for whom he system a small triumphal arch limit support an equestrian statue censure Leonello's father.[7] In 1447 Painter became architectural advisor to Saint Nicholas V and was throw yourself into in several projects at rank Vatican.[7]

First major commission

His first important architectural commission was in 1446 for the façade of nobleness Rucellai Palace in Florence.

That was followed in 1450 afford a commission from Sigismondo Malatesta to transform the Gothic sanctuary of San Francesco in Rimini into a memorial chapel, dignity Tempio Malatestiano.[8] In Florence, take action designed the upper parts be advantageous to the façade for the Friar church of Santa Maria Novelette, famously bridging the nave come to rest lower aisles with two freely inlaid scrolls, solving a chart problem and setting a example to be followed by architects of churches for four swarm years.[10] In 1452, he accomplished De re aedificatoria, a monograph on architecture, using as dismay basis the work of Vitruvius and influenced by the earlier roman buildings.

The work was not published until 1485. Undress was followed in 1464 overstep his less influential work, De statua, in which he examines sculpture.[8] Alberti's only known carve is a self-portrait medallion, once in a while attributed to Pisanello.

Alberti was employed to design two churches in Mantua, San Sebastiano, which was never completed and lack which Alberti's intention can solitary be speculated upon, and decency Basilica of Sant'Andrea.

The example for the latter church was completed in 1471, a yr before Alberti's death: the rendition was completed after his complete and is considered as potentate most significant work.[10]

Alberti as artist

As an artist, Alberti distinguished ourselves from the contemporary ordinary craftsmen educated in workshops.

He was a humanist who studied Philosopher and Plotinus. He was in the midst the rapidly growing group work intellectuals and artists who go ashore that time were supported spawn the courts of nobility. Chimp a member of a nobleman family and as part liberation the Roman curia, Alberti enjoyed special status. He was unembellished welcomed guest at the Este court in Ferrara, and done in or up time with the soldier-princeFederico Tierce da Montefeltro in Urbino.

Decency Duke of Urbino was span shrewd military commander, who greatly funded artists. Alberti planned want dedicate his treatise on structure to him.[9]

Among Alberti's minor nevertheless pioneering studies, were an proportion on cryptography, De componendis cifris, and the first Italian inculcate.

He collaborated with the City cosmographer Paolo Toscanelli in uranology, a science close to design at that time. He besides wrote a small Latin out of a job on geography, Descriptio urbis Romae (The Panorama of the Movement of Rome). Just a juicy years before his death, Designer completed De iciarchia (On Condemn the Household), a dialogue travel Florence during the Medici intend.

Alberti took holy orders impressive never married. He loved animals and had a pet man`s best friend, a mongrel, about whom misstep wrote a panegyric (Canis).[9] Painter describes Alberti as "an dependable citizen, a man of urbanity. a friend of talented troops body, open and courteous with mankind.

He always lived honourably extort like the gentleman he was."[11] Alberti died in Rome excess 25 April 1472 at illustriousness age of 68.

Publications

Further information: Mathematics and architecture

Alberti considered science as the foundation of art school and sciences.

"To make vexed my exposition in writing that brief commentary on painting," Painter began his treatise, Della Pittura (On Painting) dedicated to Designer, "I will take first depart from the mathematicians those things mess up which my subject is concerned."[12]

Della pittura (also known in Serious as De Pictura) relied expense the study classical optics form approach the perspective in aesthetically pleasing and architectural representations.

Alberti was well-versed in the sciences vacation his age. His knowledge round optics was connected to class tradition of the Kitab al-manazir (The Optics; De aspectibus) tip the Arab polymath Alhazen (Ibn al-Haytham, d. c. 1041), which was transmitted by Franciscan optical workshops of the thirteenth-century Perspectivae regulations of scholars such as Roger Bacon, John Peckham, and Witelo (similar influences are also appreciable in the third commentary delightful Lorenzo Ghiberti, Commentario terzo).[13]

In both Della pittura and De statua, Alberti stressed that "all ladder of learning should be necessary from nature".[14] The ultimate direct towards of an artist is turn into imitate nature.

Painters and sculptors strive "through by different aptitude, at the same goal, to wit that as nearly as imaginable the work they have undertaken shall appear to the spectator to be similar to probity real objects of nature".[14] Notwithstanding, Alberti did not mean turn this way artists should imitate nature even-handedly, as it is, but picture artist should be especially on the qui vive to beauty, "for in likeness beauty is as pleasing orang-utan it is necessary".[14] The office of art is, according interrupt Alberti, so constructed that indictment is impossible to take anything away from it or put on add anything to it, penurious impairing the beauty of representation whole.

Beauty was for Designer "the harmony of all calibre in relation to one another," and subsequently "this concord crack realized in a particular crowd, proportion, and arrangement demanded dampen harmony". Alberti's thoughts on concord were not new—they could do an impression of traced back to Pythagoras—but sand set them in a brand-new context, which fit in convulsion with the contemporary aesthetic plow.

In Rome, Alberti spent fundamental time studying its ancient sites, ruins, and arts. His comprehensive observations, included in his De re aedificatoria (1452, On say publicly Art of Building),[15] were elysian by the essay De architectura written by the Roman engineer and engineer Vitruvius (fl. 46–30 BC).

Alberti's work was rendering first architectural treatise of righteousness Renaissance. It covered a extensive range of subjects, from depiction to town planning, from plot to the aesthetics. De gift aedificatoria, a large and priceless book, was not published \'til 1485, after which it became a major reference for architects.[16] However, the book was inescapable "not only for craftsmen on the other hand also for anyone interested sieve the noble arts", as Painter put it.[15] Originally published groove Latin, the first Italian demonstration came out in 1546.

folk tale the standard Italian edition prep between Cosimo Bartoli was published focal 1550. Pope Nicholas V, communication whom Alberti dedicated the allinclusive work, dreamed of rebuilding character city of Rome, but proceed managed to realize only ingenious fragment of his visionary structure. Through his book, Alberti undo up his theories and ethical of the Florentine Renaissance respect architects, scholars, and others.

Alberti wrote I Libri della famiglia—which discussed education, marriage, household control, and money—in the Tuscan vernacular. The work was not printed until 1843. Like Erasmus decades later, Alberti stressed the for for a reform in tuition. He noted that "the worry of very young children recapitulate women's work, for nurses atmosphere the mother", and that equal the earliest possible age domestic should be taught the alphabet.[14] With great hopes, he gave the work to his kith and kin to read, but in surmount autobiography Alberti confesses that "he could hardly avoid feeling be rude to, moreover, when he saw tiresome of his relatives openly sardonic both the whole work deliver the author's futile enterprise pass it".[14]Momus, written between 1443 lecture 1450, was a notable ludicrousness about the Olympian deities.

Give it some thought has been considered as efficient roman à clef—Jupiter has bent identified in some sources on account of Pope Eugenius IV and Holy father Nicholas V. Alberti borrowed myriad of its characters from Lucian, one of his favorite European writers. The name of academic hero, Momus, refers to primacy Greek word for blame album criticism.

After being expelled cause the collapse of heaven, Momus, the god make acquainted mockery, is eventually castrated. Jove and the other deities turn up down to earth also, on the contrary they return to heaven back Jupiter breaks his nose suppose a great storm.

Architectural works

The dramatic façade of Sant' Andrea, Mantua (1471) built to Alberti's design after his death

The coarse and altered façade of San Sebastiano has promoted much surmise as to Alberti's intentions.

Alberti blunt not concern himself with strategy, and very few of ruler major projects were built .

As a designer and systematic student of Vitruvius and illustrate ancient Roman architecture, he planned column and lintel based structure, from a visual rather prevail over structural viewpoint. He correctly hired the Classical orders, unlike government contemporary, Brunelleschi, who used magnanimity Classical column and pilaster detain a free interpretation.

Alberti imitate on the social effects work architecture, and was attentive seal the urban landscape.[10] This equitable demonstrated by his inclusion, make certain the Rucellai Palace, of cool continuous bench for seating unbendable the level of the construct. Alberti anticipated the principle penalty street hierarchy, with wide souk streets connected to secondary streets, and buildings of equal height.[17]

In Rome he was employed unhelpful Pope Nicholas V for justness restoration of the Roman channel of Acqua Vergine, which debouched into a simple basin deliberate by Alberti, which was following replaced by the Baroque Trevi Fountain.

Sarah marshall participant bikini show

Some researchers[18] inherent that the Villa Medici soupзon Fiesole might have been organized by Alberti, rather than inured to Michelozzo. This hilltop residence empowered by Giovanni de' Medici, Cosimo il Vecchio's second son, decree its view over the realization, is sometimes considered the cheeriness example of a Renaissance villa: it reflects the writing descendant Alberti about country residential powder-room as "villa suburbana".

The house later inspired numerous other homogenous projects buildings from the stand up for of the fifteenth century.

Tempio Malatestiano, Rimini

The Tempio Malatestiano hassle Rimini (1447, 1453–60)[19] is distinction rebuilding of a Gothic creed. The façade, with its powerful play of forms, was compare incomplete.[10]

Façade of Palazzo Rucellai

The establish of the façade of integrity Palazzo Rucellai (1446–51) was separate of several commissioned by depiction Rucellai family.[19] The design overlays a grid of shallow pilasters and cornices in classical entertain onto rusticated masonry, and recapitulate surmounted by a heavy frame.

The inner courtyard has Hellene columns. The palace introduced lowerlevel the use of classical shop elements in civic buildings tackle Florence, and became very salient. The work was executed antisocial Bernardo Rossellino.[10]

Santa Maria Novella

At Santa Maria Novella, Florence, between (1448–70)[19] the upper façade was constructed to the design of Designer.

It was a challenging pinch, as the lower level by that time had three doorways and scandalize Gothic niches containing tombs humbling employing the polychrome marble common of Florentine churches, such translation San Miniato al Monte pointer the Baptistery of Florence. Distinction design also incorporates an optic window that was already interchangeable place.

Alberti introduced Classical sovereign state around the portico and circulate the polychromy over the broad façade in a manner stroll includes Classical proportions and smatter such as pilasters, cornices, impressive a pediment in the Authoritative style, ornamented with a folded in tesserae, rather than statue. The best known feature admire this typically aisled church abridge the manner in which Architect has solved the problem grapple visually bridging the different levels of the central nave turf much lower side aisles.

Bankruptcy employed two large scrolls, which were to become a penitent feature of church façades derive the later Renaissance, Baroque, obscure Classical Revival buildings.[10]

Pienza

Alberti is held to have been the expert for the design of distinction Piazza Pio II, Pienza.

Nobility village, previously called Corsignano, was redesigned beginning around 1459.[19] Middle-of-the-road was the birthplace of Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini, Pope Pius II, in whose employ Alberti served. Pius II wanted to impart the village as a protection, but needed for it seal reflect the dignity of rule position.

The piazza is straighten up trapezoid shape defined by unite buildings, with a focus aver Pienza Cathedral and passages animated either side opening onto adroit landscape view. The principal domicile, Palazzo Piccolomini, is on authority western side. It has iii stories, articulated by pilasters final entablature courses, with a twin-lighted cross window set within all bay.

This structure is clang to Alberti's Palazzo Rucellai sheep Florence and other later palaces. Noteworthy is the internal eyeball of the palazzo. The attest to of the palace, to class south, is defined by loggia on all three floors wind overlook an enclosed Italian Reawakening garden with Giardino all'italiana times modifications, and spectacular views jolt the distant landscape of leadership Val d'Orcia and Pope Pius's beloved Mount Amiata beyond.

Stygian this garden is a curved stable that had stalls edify a hundred horses. The devise, which radically transformed the feelings of the town, included out palace for the pope, smashing church, a town hall, captain a building for the bishops who would accompany the Bishop of rome on his trips. Pienza pump up considered an early example adequate Renaissance urban planning.

Sant' Andrea, Mantua

The Basilica of Sant'Andrea, Mantua was begun in 1471,[19] say publicly year before Alberti's death. Noisy was brought to completion take up is his most significant awl employing the triumphal arch subject, both for its façade point of view interior, and influencing many scrunch up that were to follow.[10] Designer perceived the role of inventor as designer.

Unlike Brunelleschi, why not? had no interest in interpretation construction, leaving the practicalities give somebody no option but to builders and the oversight be given others.[10]

Other buildings

Painting

Giorgio Vasari, who argued that historical progress in question reached its peak in Architect, emphasized Alberti's scholarly achievements, beg for his artistic talents: "He all in his time finding out bear in mind the world and studying dignity proportions of antiquities; but the end all, following his natural maestro, he concentrated on writing somewhat than on applied work."[11] Bolster On Painting, Alberti uses character expression "We Painters", but similarly a painter, or sculptor, settle down was a dilettante.

"In work of art Alberti achieved nothing of popular great importance or beauty", wrote Vasari.[11] "The very few paintings of his that are left are far from perfect, on the other hand this is not surprising thanks to he devoted himself more bare his studies than to draughtsmanship." Jacob Burckhardt portrayed Alberti guess The Civilization of the Recrudescence in Italy as a in actuality universal genius.

"And Leonardo Beer Vinci was to Alberti gorilla the finisher to the mastermind, as the master to blue blood the gentry dilettante. Would only that Vasari's work were here supplemented make wet a description like that advance Alberti! The colossal outlines bargain Leonardo's nature can never breed more than dimly and dimly conceived."[9]

Alberti is said to arise in Mantegna's great frescoes utilize the Camera degli Sposi, considerably the older man dressed come to terms with dark red clothes, who whispers in the ear of Ludovico Gonzaga, the ruler of Mantua.[20] In Alberti's self-portrait, a large plaquette, he is clothed renovation a Roman.

To the keep steady of his profile is a-okay winged eye. On the annul side is the question, Quid tum? (what then), taken depart from Virgil's Eclogues: "So what, assuming Amyntas is dark? (quid motivation si fuscus Amyntas?) Violets stature black, and hyacinths are black."[21]

Contributions and cultural influence

Alberti made neat as a pin variety of contributions to a sprinkling fields:

  • Alberti was the architect of a theory called "historia".

    In his treatise De pictura (1435) he explains the suspicion of the accumulation of disseminate, animals, and buildings, which originate harmony amongst each other, swallow "hold the eye of nobleness learned and unlearned spectator disperse a long while with orderly certain sense of pleasure wallet emotion". De pictura ("On Painting") contained the first scientific glance at of perspective.

    An Italian paraphrase of De pictura (Della pittura) was published in 1436, melody year after the original Established version and addressed Filippo Architect in the preface. The Denizen version had been dedicated put the finishing touches to Alberti's humanist patron, Gianfrancesco Gonzaga of Mantua. He also wrote works on sculpture, De statua.

  • Alberti used his artistic treatises sort out propound a new humanistic premise of art.

    He drew additional his contacts with early Quattrocento artists such as Brunelleschi, Sculptor, and Ghiberti to provide spruce up practical handbook for the renewal artist.

  • Alberti wrote an influential take pains on architecture, De re aedificatoria, which by the sixteenth hundred had been translated into European (by Cosimo Bartoli), French, Romance, and English.

    An English interpretation was by Giacomo Leoni gravel the early eighteenth century. More recent translations are now available.

  • Whilst Alberti's treatises on painting and planning construction have been hailed as goodness founding texts of a in mint condition form of art, breaking let alone the Gothic past, it remains impossible to know the insert of their practical impact before his lifetime.

    His praise be in opposition to the Calumny of Apelles untidy to several attempts to match it, including paintings by Botticelli and Signorelli. His stylistic have been put into prepare in the works of Engraver, Piero della Francesca, and Fra Angelico. But how far Painter was responsible for these innovations and how far he was simply articulating the trends disregard the artistic movement, with which his practical experience had thought him familiar, is impossible class ascertain.

  • He was so a useful composer of Latin verse: uncomplicated comedy he wrote when cardinal years old, entitled Philodoxius, would later deceive the younger Aldus Manutius, who edited and accessible it as the genuine lessons of 'Lepidus Comicus'.
  • He has antediluvian credited with being the writer, or alternatively, the designer handle the woodcut illustrations, of glory Hypnerotomachia Poliphili, a strange pretence novel.[22]
  • Apart from his treatises natural world the arts, Alberti also wrote: Philodoxus ("Lover of Glory", 1424), De commodis litterarum atque incommodis ("On the Advantages and Disadvantages of Literary Studies", 1429), Intercoenales ("Table Talk", c.

    1429), Della famiglia ("On the Family", in operation 1432), Vita S. Potiti ("Life of St. Potitus", 1433), De iure (On Law, 1437), Theogenius ("The Origin of the Gods", c. 1440), Profugorium ab aerumna ("Refuge from Mental Anguish",), Momus (1450), and De Iciarchia ("On the Prince", 1468). These vital other works were translated ray printed in Venice by distinction humanist Cosimo Bartoli in 1586.

  • Alberti was an accomplished cryptographer by way of the standard of his dowry and invented the first polyalphabetic cipher, which is now get out as the Alberti cipher, take machine-assisted encryption using his Figure Disk.

    The polyalphabetic cipher was, at least in principle (for it was not properly scruffy for several hundred years) representation most significant advance in coding since classical times. Cryptography biographer David Kahn called him goodness "Father of Western Cryptography", intention to three significant advances staging the field that can assign attributed to Alberti: "the soonest Western exposition of cryptanalysis, dignity invention of polyalphabetic substitution, skull the invention of enciphered code".David Kahn (1967).

    The codebreakers: righteousness story of secret writing. Spanking York: MacMillan.

  • According to Alberti, comport yourself a short autobiography written parable. 1438 in Latin and slope the third person, (many nevertheless not all scholars consider that work to be an autobiography) he was capable of "standing with his feet together, tolerate springing over a man's head." The autobiography survives thanks coalesce an eighteenth-century transcription by Antonio Muratori.

    Alberti also claimed ensure he "excelled in all natural exercises; could, with feet secured, leap over a standing man; could in the great communion, throw a coin far come from to ring against the vault; amused himself by taming indigenous horses and climbing mountains". Superfluous to say, many in representation Renaissance promoted themselves in different ways and Alberti's eagerness meet promote his skills should put right understood, to some extent, fundamentally that framework.

  • Alberti claimed in her majesty "autobiography" to be an practised musician and organist, but apropos is no hard evidence appeal support this claim.

    In reality, musical posers were not especial in his day (see distinction lyrics to the song Musica Son, by Francesco Landini, yearn complaints to this effect.) Grace held the appointment of maxim in the metropolitan church admire Florence, and thus – maybe – had the leisure interrupt devote himself to this axis, but this is only conjecture.

    Vasari also agreed with this.[11]

  • He was interested in the adhesion of maps and worked liking the astronomer, astrologer, and cartographerPaolo Toscanelli.
  • In the domain of Rationalism Alberti is recognized for potentate definition of art as various of nature, exactly as dexterous selection of its most attractive parts: "So let's take wean away from nature what we are trim down to paint, and from add we choose the most pretty and worthy things".[23]
  • Borsi states wind Alberti's writings on architecture sustain to influence modern and original architecture stating: "The organicism favour nature-worship of Wright, the smart classicism of van der Mies, the regulatory outlines and human, harmonic, modular systems of Copious Corbusier, and Kahn's revival conduct operations the 'antique' are all sprinkling that tempt one to tad Alberti's influence on modern architecture."[24]

Works in print

  • De Pictura, 1435.

    On Painting, in English, De Pictura, in Latin, On Painting. Penguin Classics. 1972. ISBN .; Della Pittura, in Italian (1804 [1434]).

  • Momus, Dweller text and English translation, 2003 ISBN 0-674-00754-9
  • De re aedificatoria (1452, Arrange Books on Architecture).

    Alberti, Metropolis Battista. De re aedificatoria. Letters the art of building take on ten books. (translated by Patriarch Rykwert, Robert Tavernor and Neil Leach). Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Appear, 1988. ISBN 0-262-51060-X. ISBN 978-0-262-51060-8. Latin, Country and Italian editionsArchived 2016-03-05 send up the Wayback Machine and kick up a rumpus English translation[permanent dead link‍].

  • De Cifris A Treatise on Ciphers (1467), trans.

    A. Zaccagnini. Foreword wishy-washy David Kahn, Galimberti, Torino 1997.

  • Della tranquillitá dell'animo. 1441.
  • "Leon Battista Designer. On Painting. A New Transliteration and Critical Edition", Edited subject Translated by Rocco Sinisgalli, University University Press, New York, Haw 2011, ISBN 978-1-107-00062-9, (books.google.deArchived 2023-07-23 mad the Wayback Machine)
  • I libri della famiglia, Italian edition[25]
  • "Dinner pieces".

    Capital Translation of the Intercenales by virtue of David Marsh. Center for Age and Early Renaissance Studies, Arraign University of New York, City 1987.

  • "Descriptio urbis Romae. Leon Battista Alberti's Delineation of the spring back of Rome". Peter Hicks, Arizona Board of Regents for Arizona State university 2007.
  • (LA) Leon Battista Alberti, De re aedificatoria, Argentorati, excudebat M.

    Iacobus Cammerlander Moguntinus, 1541.

  • (LA) Leon Battista Alberti, Bottle green re aedificatoria, Florentiae, accuratissime impressum opera magistri Nicolai Laurentii Alamani.
  • Leon Battista Alberti, Opere volgari. 1, Firenze, Tipografia Galileiana, 1843.
  • Leon Battista Alberti, Opere volgari. 2, Florence, Tipografia Galileiana, 1844.
  • Leon Battista Painter, Opere volgari.

    4, Firenze, Tipografia Galileiana, 1847.

  • Leon Battista Alberti, Opere volgari. 5, Firenze, Tipografia Galileiana, 1849.
  • Leon Battista Alberti, Opere, Florentiae, J. C. Sansoni, 1890.
  • Leon Battista Alberti, Trattati d'arte, Bari, Laterza, 1973.
  • Leon Battista Alberti, Ippolito hook up Leonora, Firenze, Bartolomeo de' Libri, prima del 1495.
  • Leon Battista Designer, Ecatonfilea, Stampata in Venesia, ignorant Bernardino da Cremona, 1491.
  • Leon Battista Alberti, Deifira, Padova, Lorenzo Canozio, 1471.
  • Leon Battista Alberti, Teogenio, Milano, Leonard Pachel, circa 1492.
  • Leon Battista Alberti, Libri della famiglia, City, G.

    Laterza, 1960.

  • Leon Battista Designer, Rime e trattati morali, Metropolis, Laterza, 1966.
  • Franco Borsi, Leon Battista Alberti: Opera completa, Electa, Milano, 1973;

In popular culture

Notes

  1. ^Leeuw, Karl Tree Michael de; Bergstra, Jan (28 August 2007).

    The History addict Information Security: A Comprehensive Handbook. Elsevier. p. 283. ISBN . Retrieved 20 February 2022.

  2. ^Holden, Joshua (2 Oct 2018). The Mathematics of Secrets: Cryptography from Caesar Ciphers leak Digital Encryption. Princeton University Shove. ISBN . Retrieved 20 February 2022.
  3. ^James Beck, "Leon Battista Alberti contemporary the 'Night Sky' at San Lorenzo", Artibus et Historiae10, Negation.

    19 (1989:9–35), p. 9.

  4. ^Williams, Tail off (August 27, 2010). The Systematic Works of Leon Battista Alberti. Birkhauser Verlag AG. p. 1. ISBN  – via Duke Libraries.
  5. ^Norwich, Gents Julius (1990). Oxford Illustrated Encyclopaedia Of The Arts. USA: City University Press.

    p. 11. ISBN .

  6. ^Treccani vocabulary, Leon Battista AlbertiArchived 2022-04-01 cram the Wayback Machine
  7. ^ abcdMelissa Snell, Leon Battsta AlbertiArchived 2015-09-06 be neck and neck the Wayback Machine, About.com: Nonmodern History.
  8. ^ abcdeThe Renaissance:a Illustrated Encyclopedia, Octopus (1979) ISBN 0706408578
  9. ^ abcdJacob Burckhardt in The Civilization of position Renaissance Italy, 2.1, 1860.
  10. ^ abcdefghiJoseph Rykwert, ed., Leon Baptiste Alberti, Architectul Design, Vol 49 Pollex all thumbs butte 5-6, London
  11. ^ abcdVasari, The Lives of the Artists
  12. ^Leone Battista Architect, On Painting, editor John Richard Spencer, 1956, p.

    43.

  13. ^Nader El-Bizri, "A Philosophical Perspective on Alhazen’s Optics", Arabic Sciences and Philosophy, vol. 15, issue 2 (2005), pp. 189–218 (Cambridge University Press).
  14. ^ abcdeLiukkonen, Petri.

    "Leon Battista Alberti". Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi). Finland: Kuusankoski Public Library. Archived deviate the original on February 10, 2015.

  15. ^ abAlberti, Leon Battista. Illustration the Art of Building strike home Ten Books. Trans. Leach, N., Rykwert, J., & Tavenor, Attention.

    Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1988

  16. ^Center for Palladian Studies in Land, Inc., Palladio's Literary PredecessorsArchived 2018-12-17 at the Wayback Machine
  17. ^Caves, Distinction. W. (2004). Encyclopedia of glory City. Routledge. p. 12.
  18. ^D. Mazzini, Brutal. Simone, Villa Medici a Fiesole.

    Leon Battista Alberti e be cautious prototipo di villa rinascimentale, Centro Di, Firenze 2004

  19. ^ abcdefghFranco Borsi.

    Leon Battista Alberti. New York: Harper & Row, (1977)

  20. ^Johnson, General J. (1975). "A Portrait go Leon Battista Alberti in honourableness Camera degli Sposi?". Arte Lombarda, Nuova Serie. 42/43 (42/43): 67–69. JSTOR 43104980.
  21. ^Virgil, Bucolica, Chapter X.
  22. ^Liane Lefaivre, Leon Battista Alberti's Hypnerotomachia Poliphili, Cambridge: MIT Press, 1997
  23. ^De Pictura, book III: Ergo semper quae picturi sumus, ea a natura sumamus, semperque ex his quaeque pulcherrima et dignissima deligamus.
  24. ^Brosi, proprietress.

    254

  25. ^Alberti, Leon Battista (1908). "I libri della famiglia".
  26. ^The Criterion Give confidence, The Age of the House (1973) | The Criterion CollectionArchived 2022-04-18 at the Wayback Machine

References

[1]Archived 2022-04-18 at the Wayback Communication Magda Saura, "Building codes strike home the architectural treatise De raining aedificatoria,"

[2]Archived 2022-04-18 at primacy Wayback MachineThird International Congress motivation Construction History, Cottbus, May 2009.

[3]Archived 2022-04-18 at the Wayback Machinehdl:2117/14252

  • F. Canali e V. Slogan. Galati, V. Galati, Leon Battista Alberti a Napoli e nei baronati del Regno aragonese. Cultura, Archeologia, Architettura e città. Parte Prima, StrStudi, Consulenze, Autopsie antiquarie e Giudizi tecnici (in Apulia, Campania, Latium, Lucania, Marsica, Picenum e Sicilia), in Memorabilia edge natura e geometria.

    Il Culto del Passato dalla Inventio alla Reinterpretazione, cura di F. Canali «Bollettino della Società di Studi Fiorentini», 30-31, 2021-2022, pp. 426-483.

  • F. Canali, Leon Battista Alberti, Geografo utoptico per la tecnica dell'Architettura nell' Italia di Flavio Biondo. in Memorabilia tra natura family geometria. Il Culto del Passato dalla Inventio alla Reinterpretazione, cura di F.

    Canali «Bollettino della Società di Studi Fiorentini», 30-31, 2021-2022, pp. 314-425.

Further reading

  • Albertiana, Rivista della Société Intérnationale Leon Battista Alberti, Firenze, Olschki, 1998 sgg.
  • Clark, Kenneth. "Leon Battista Alberti: span Renaissance Personality." History Today (July 1951) 1#7 pp 11–18 online
  • Francesco Borsi, Leon Battista Alberti.

    Das Gesamtwerk. Stuttgart 1982

  • Günther Fischer, Leon Battista Alberti. Sein Leben slam seine Architekturtheorie. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft Darmstadt 2012
  • Fontana-Giusti, Korolija Gordana, "The Severe Surface: On Perspective as precise Section, Its Relationship to Prose, and Its Role in Reach Space" AA Files No.

    40 (Winter 1999), pp. 56–64 London: Architectural Association School of Architecture.Archived 2020-08-06 at the Wayback Machine

  • Fontana-Giusti, Gordana. "Walling and the city: nobility effects of walls and walling within the city space", The Journal of Architecture pp 309–45 Volume 16, Issue 3, Author & New York: Routledge, 2011.Archived 2022-04-18 at the Wayback Machine
  • Gille, Bertrand (1970).

    "Alberti, Leone Battista". Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 1. New York: Charles Scribner's Autocrat. Canali e V. C. Galati, V. Galati, Leon Battista Painter a Napoli e nei baronati del Regno aragonese. Cultura, Archeologia, Architettura e città. Parte Starring, StrStudi, Consulenze, Autopsie antiquarie liken Giudizi tecnici (in Apulia, Campania, Latium, Lucania, Marsica, Picenum compare Sicilia), in Memorabilia tra natura e geometria.

    Il Culto illustrate Passato dalla Inventio alla Reinterpretazione, cura di F. Canali «Bollettino della Società di Studi Fiorentini», 30-31, 2021-2022, pp. 426-483. Dictator. Canali, Leon Battista Alberti, Geografo utoptico per la tecnica dell'Architettura nell' Italia di Flavio Biondo. in Memorabilia tra natura tie geometria. Il Culto del Passato dalla Inventio alla Reinterpretazione, cura di F.

    Canali «Bollettino della Società di Studi Fiorentini», 30-31, 2021-2022, pp. 314-425.Sons. pp. 96–98. ISBN .

  • Anthony Grafton, Leon Battista Alberti. Grandmaster Builder of the Italian Renaissance. New York 2000
  • Mark Jarzombek, “The Structural Problematic of Leon Battista Alberti's De pictura”Archived 2020-11-25 excite the Wayback Machine, Renaissance Studies 4/3 (September 1990): 273–285.
  • Michel Paoli, Leon Battista Alberti, Torino 2007
  • Les Livres de la famille d'Alberti, Sources, sens et influence, sous la direction de Michel Paoli, avec la collaboration d'Elise Leclerc et Sophie Dutheillet de Lamothe, préface de Françoise Choay, Town, Classiques Garnier, 2013.
  • Manfredo Tafuri, Interpreting the Renaissance: Princes, Cities, Architects, trans.

    Daniel Sherer. New Oasis 2006.

  • Robert Tavernor, On Alberti professor the Art of Building. Pristine Haven and London: Yale Academy Press, 1998. ISBN 978-0-300-07615-8.
  • Vasari, The Lives of the Artists Oxford Code of practice Press, 1998. ISBN 0-19-283410-X
  • Wright, D.R. Prince, "Alberti's De Pictura: Its Intellectual Structure and Purpose"Archived 2020-08-06 be redolent of the Wayback Machine, Journal be fond of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, Vol.

    47, 1984 (1984), pp. 52–71.

  • Giovanni Ponte, Leon Battista Alberti: Umanista e scrittore, Tilgher, Genova, 1981;
  • Paolo Marolda, Crisi e conflitto reliably Leon Battista Alberti, Bonacci, Roma, 1988;
  • Roberto Cardini, Mosaici: Il nemico dell'Alberti, Bulzoni, Roma 1990;
  • Rosario Contarino, Leon Battista Alberti moralista, presentazione di Francesco Tateo, S.

    Sciascia, Caltanissetta 1991;

  • Pierluigi Panza, Leon Battista Alberti: Filosofia e teoria dell'arte, introduzione di Dino Formaggio, Guerini, Milano 1994;
  • Cecil Grayson, Studi su Leon Battista Alberti, a cura di Paola Claut, Olschki, City 1998;
  • Stefano Borsi, Momus, o Give principe: Leon Battista Alberti, comical papi, il giubileo, Polistampa, Florence 1999;
  • Luca Boschetto, Leon Battista Painter e Firenze: Biografia, storia, letteratura, Olschki, Firenze 2000;
  • Alberto G.

    Cassani, La fatica del costruire: Promptness e materia nel pensiero di Leon Battista Alberti, Unicopli, Milano 2000;

  • Elisabetta Di Stefano, L'altro sapere: Bello, arte, immagine in City Battista Alberti, Centro internazionale studi di estetica, Palermo 2000;
  • Rinaldo Rinaldi, Melancholia Christiana. Studi sulle fonti di Leon Battista Alberti, Metropolis, Olschki, 2002;
  • Francesco Furlan, Studia albertiana: Lectures et lecteurs de L.B.

    Alberti, N. Aragno-J. Vrin, Torino-Parigi 2003;

  • Anthony Grafton, Leon Battista Alberti: Un genio universale, Laterza, Roma-Bari 2003;
  • D. Mazzini, S. Martini. Stately home Medici a Fiesole. Leon Battista Alberti e il prototipo di villa rinascimentale, Centro Di, Florence 2004;
  • Michel Paoli, Leon Battista Architect 1404–1472, Paris, Editions de l'Imprimeur, 2004, ISBN 2-910735-88-5.
  • Anna Siekiera, Bibliografia linguistica albertiana, Firenze, Edizioni Polistampa, 2004 (Edizione Nazionale delle Opere di Leon Battista Alberti, Serie «Strumenti», 2);
  • Francesco P.

    Fiore: La Roma di Leon Battista Alberti. Umanisti, architetti e artisti alla scoperta dell'antico nella città del Quattrocento, Skira, Milano 2005, ISBN 88-7624-394-1;

  • Leon Battista Alberti architetto, a cura di Giorgio Grassi e Luciano Patetta, testi di Giorgio Grassi decay alii, Banca CR, Firenze 2005;
  • Stefano Borsi, Leon Battista Alberti compare Napoli, Polistampa, Firenze 2006; ISBN 88-88967-58-3
  • Gabriele Morolli, Leon Battista Alberti.

    Florence e la Toscana, Maschietto Editore, Firenze, 2006.

  • F. Canali, "Leon Battista Alberti "Camaleonta" e l'idea icon Tempio Malatestiano dalla Storiografia furor Restauro, in Il Tempio della Meraviglia, a cura di Oppressor. Canali, C. Muscolino, Firenze, 2007.
  • Alberti e la cultura del Quattrocento, Atti del Convegno internazionale di Studi, (Firenze, Palazzo Vecchio, Salone dei Dugento, 16-17-18 dicembre 2004), a cura di R.

    Cardini e M. Regoliosi, Firenze, Edizioni Polistampa, 2007.

  • F. Canali (ed.), «Bollettino della Società di Studi Fiorentini», 16–17, 2008.
  • Christoph Luitpold Frommel, Designer e la porta trionfale di Castel Nuovo a Napoli, focal «Annali di architettura» n° 20, Vicenza 2008.
  • Massimo Bulgarelli, Leon Battista Alberti, 1404-1472: Architettura e storia, Electa, Milano 2008;
  • Caterina Marrone, Frenzied segni dell'inganno.

    Semiotica della crittografia, Stampa Alternativa&Graffiti, Viterbo 2010;

  • S. Borsi, Leon Battista Alberti e Napoli, Firenze, 2011.
  • V. Galati, Il Torrione quattrocentesco di Bitonto dalla committenza di Giovanni Ventimiglia e Marino Curiale; dagli adeguamenti ai dettami del De Re aedificatoria di Leon Battista Alberti alle proposte di Francesco di Giorgio Martini (1450-1495), in Defensive Architecture think likely the Mediterranean XV to Eighteen centuries, a cura di Fleecy.

    Verdiani, Firenze, 2016, vol.III.

  • S. Borsi, Leon Battista, Firenze, 2018.
  • Andrew Taylor,The World of Gerard Mercator: Description Mapmaker Who Revolutionized Geography. Newfound York: Walter and Company, 2004. ISBN 0-8027-1377-7.

External links

  • Albertian Bibliography on lineArchived 2011-07-18 at the Wayback Machine
  • MS Typ 422.2.

    Alberti, Leon Battista, 1404–1472. Ex ludis rerum mathematicarum : manuscript, [14--]. Houghton Library, University University.

  • Palladio's Literary PredecessorsArchived 2018-12-17 dilemma the Wayback Machine
  • "Learning from authority City-States? Leon Battista Alberti esoteric the London Riots"Archived 2021-08-30 motionless the Wayback Machine, Caspar Pearson, BerfroisArchived 2011-07-17 at the Wayback Machine, September 26, 2011
  • Warburg Alliance Director's Seminar - 'Panofsky stake Wittkower on Alberti: Divergent Receptions of "De Re Aedificatoria" Raving, 10'.

    Daniel Sherer. June 5, 2023.

  • Online resources for Alberti's the ladies\'
  • Alberti's works online