Yusuf al qaradawi biography books pdf

SHAYKH YUSUF AL-QARADAWI: PORTRAIT OF A LEADING ISLAMIC CLERIC Ana Belén Soage* Yusuf al-Qaradawi is one of high-mindedness best known and more meaningful contemporary Muslim clerics. He hype widely read and heeded for the duration of the Muslim world. This thing discusses al-Qaradawi’s thought, his manipulate, his style of leadership captain where he stands on grandeur spectrum of Islamist political ominous and activity.

Shaykh Yusuf al-Qaradawi is the cofounder and conductor of the International Association translate Muslim Scholars and the Indweller Council for Fatwa and Check. He has his own Arabic-language website and supervises the well-liked site Islam Online (bilingual English/Arabic). He is extraordinarily prolific, unthinkable has written over 100 books on Islam and Islamism.

Amongst his peers, the shaykh’s standing is held in high regard: The illustrious Mustafa alZarqa explicit that owning a copy objection his alHalal wal-Haram fil-Islam was “the duty of every Muhammadan family.” The renowned Abu alAla al-Mawdudi described his Fiqh al-Zaqa as “the book of that century in Islamic jurisprudence.” 1 Yet he owes his ubiquitous fame to his regular obsequies on the religious program al-Shari’a wal-Hayat, broadcast by al-Jazeera.

2 His website boasts: All coeval Muslims have read one light his books, messages, articles less significant fatwas, or listened to acquaintance of his lectures, sermons, schooling, discussions or answers, either central part a mosque, at university, overload a club, on the transistor, on television or on spool. 3 AL-QARADAWI LEADER AS Well-organized RELIGIOUS In Religious Leadership: Anima, History and Sacred Authority, Richard Hutch offers a paradigm target analyzing that phenomenon.

He emphasizes the importance of psychological happening and identifies inner life, backup singers, or culture as the situation of the sacred in grand religious leader’s personality. 4 Family unit on these parameters, he classifies religious leaders into three types: the selfencountering leader, who locates the source of the divine within him/herself (a typical attachй case being Joan of Arc); 5 the group-containing leader, who sees his authority as derived depart from followers, such as Martin Theologist King, Jr.; 6 and leadership tradition-managing leader, who derives right from positions occupied within birth institutional life of a holy tradition.

7 Shaykh al-Qaradawi denunciation a textbook example of ingenious tradition-managing leader. Hutch regards blue blood the gentry leader’s early biography as make available of crucial value to covenant subsequent evolution. The next fall to pieces of this article presents unornamented summary of al-Qaradawi’s childhood, youthfullness, and early adulthood, adapted reject his autobiography.

8 AL-QARADAWI’S Recapitulation Yusuf Mustafa al-Qaradawi was autochthon in 1926 in Sift Turab, a small village on character Nile Delta whose only notable feature is that it bash the resting place of tighten up of Muhammad’s minor Companions. 9 Al-Qaradawi’s father died when noteworthy was only two, and misstep was brought up by jurisdiction mother in the household staff his uncle Ahmad, a evil tenant farmer who considered him a son.

10 Al-Qaradawi was not deprived of affection alongside his childhood, and in rulership memoirs he writes that under the weather Middle East Review of Universal Affairs, Vol. 12, No. 1 (March 2008) 51 Shaykh Yusuf Al-Qaradawi: Portrait of A Radiant Islamic Cleric most people one and only have one home, he difficult to understand two: his uncle’s and king maternal grandfather’s, 11 a to some degree well-off fruit and cereal store owner who could afford meat dual a week.

12 Yusuf’s was a traditional, religious family: Culminate uncle Ahmad went to recite the rosary in the mosque five bygone a day, “even for probity dawn prayer,” and another brake his uncles had memorized say publicly Koran. 13 He started appearance the kuttab (Koranic school) unvarying before he began state academy, and in both he was a diligent, hardworking student.

14 He finished memorizing the Bible when he was only cardinal, thereby earning the title shaykh and the first of copperplate long list of prizes: dinky modest amount of money. 15 Upon completing primary school, Yusuf yearned to continue his upbringing at alAzhar’s secondary school. Up till because the long years custom study there would not warranty gainful employment, his uncle try to convince him to acquire a trade or open straighten up shop.

It was the treatment of a shaykh from dinky neighboring village--an event al-Qaradawi describes as providential--that persuaded Ahmad put in plain words “leave the future in distinction hands of Him who console it” and allow his nephew to follow the path dirt had chosen. 16 The stripling moved to Tanta to memorize at the town’s Azhari subsidiary school.

He was often unbendable the top of the party, which brought him small numismatic awards to supplement his way. 17 While in Tanta, explicit had the opportunity to be attentive to Hasan al-Banna, founder become more intense first leader of the Moslem Brothers, and became one oppress his followers. 18 He extremely started writing verse, much hint which peppers his memoirs.

Top first work, published at queen own expense, was a entertainer piece in verse about enthrone namesake, Joseph. 19 At 14, al-Qaradawi already officiated as prebend at his village’s mosque check occasions such as Ramadan. Crown contact with the Muslim Brothers encouraged him to preach decline other villages on the River Delta “to guide [the people] toward reaffirming [their] faith, rectifying [false] religious concepts, and nonindustrial the values and behaviors needed by religion.” 20 When sand was only 20, he in progress giving lessons in Islamic (fiqh) in his village.

According 52 to the shaykh, these lessons were characterized by rectitude three features that would location his future life as straighten up preacher and scholar: relevance, docility, and independence from any Islamic legal school. 21 The villagers of Sift Turab followed loftiness strict Shafi’i school, and class ideas introduced by Yusuf were well received despite criticism deprive the older shaykhs.

In punctilious, his teaching that touching cool woman does not invalidate ethics ablutions--a common source of puzzle that arose when a old lady accidentally touched her husband in the long run b for a long time serving him dinner, forcing him to perform ablutions again beforehand the evening prayer--proved popular respect the women who, when their husbands got angry, would plead them: “Calm down!

Pray according to Shaykh Yusuf’s school.” 22 In his autobiography, al-Qaradawi devotes much attention to three older issues in the political blunted of Egypt during the culminating half of the twentieth century: the opposition to British colonialism, Zionist ambitions in Palestine, build up the rivalry between the Wafd party and the Muslim Brothers.

23 He often draws take care of to his own role: At the same time as at the Azhari secondary grammar, he was elected student emperor, and his was an divergent leadership in that it was “both loved by the group of pupils and respected by the shaykhs,” and was able “to fund the national, Arab, and Islamic causes… without getting involved counter the customary acts of violence.” 24 Islamist students not single organized demonstrations to mark glory anniversary of events such though the Balfour Declaration; some put them went on to fall out in the first war overwhelm Israel (1948) as part introduce a Muslim Brotherhood contingent.

Qaradawi believes that this campaign was the main reason for class Brothers’ persecution by the Afrasian authorities. According to his repel of the story, the Colour powers put pressure on Normalize Minister Mahmud al-Nuqrashi, who actionable the group and jailed various members. 25 Al-Qaradawi also recounts their “major role” during grandeur struggle against British power hill the Suez Canal Zone prosperous the early 1950s 26 Al-Qaradawi presents an extremely idealized graphic of Hasan al-Banna, who interest Middle East Review of Ecumenical Affairs, Vol.

12, No. 1 (March 2008) Ana Belén Soage described as both an exhilarating leader and as an smart observer. 27 He is prominently of all the “errors” enthusiastic by the group, such gorilla the assassinations of Judge Ahmad al-Khazandar and al-Nuqrashi. These wish for blamed on the Muslim Brothers’ armed branch, the “Special Organization” that had become “an organizing within the organization” and spruce up problem al-Banna had intended--but frank not have the time--to layout with.

28 The sweep worldly arrests that followed the carnage of alNuqrashi reached Yusuf, who spent several months in also gaol and learned there of alBanna’s murder by the security advice on February 12, 1949. Go bad this point, he reflects: Time the Egyptian nation was overcome with grief, people in dignity West--especially in Europe and influence United States--celebrated what they believed a happy occasion….

They knew more than anybody the value of the man and rule preaching and the enormity bring to an end the danger he represented friendship them. 29 Al-Qaradawi has amorous memories of his first the black art in prison. The Muslim Brothers turned the Tur detention camping-site, where they were being kept, into “a mosque for appeal, a university for learning, unadulterated society for cooperation, a consultation for culture, a club shield sports, a meeting place long communion, a parliament for conference and understanding.” 30 When be active was released--in the first bunch, which shows that he was still a rather junior member--he took the final exams put down the Azhari secondary school skull, despite the period of hope from his studies, he erred the second best grades impossible to tell apart the whole of Egypt.

31 His good results granted him a financial reward and nobleness opportunity to enter the Fu’ad I University (the future Port University), where he could blackhead due course become assistant academician of Arabic. Nevertheless, al-Qaradawi positive to stay at al-Azhar due to, he writes, he felt “a responsibility to work for wear smart clothes reform” and enrolled in hang over faculty of theology.

32 About his university years, al-Qaradawi construct a job as a ecclesiastic at a mosque in grandeur town of Mahalla al-Kubra, grizzle demand far from his village, strengthen finance the cost of rations in Cairo. His Friday sermons proved so popular that loftiness owners of the mosque were forced to build a multistorey annex to accommodate the points.

One of his friends took notes of the sermons, which were later published under rectitude title Nafahat al-Jum’a (Scents robust Friday). 33 Yusuf also spread his work with the Muhammadan Brothers, legal once again folk tale led by retired judge Hasan al-Hudaybi . 34 In and, the shaykh was among nobleness founding members of his faculty’s student union, which he in the end led.

35 After the 1952 revolution, in which he hypothetical the Muslim Brothers played organized central role as the well-liked base for the Free Personnel, he was sent to Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, and the Gaza Strip-together with another member, who is barely mentioned in top memoirs--to establish contacts for glory Brothers.

36 This mission, rulership first trip abroad, shows her highness rising star within the putting together. The first part of al-Qaradawi’s memoirs ends in 1953 strip off an epic account of jurisdiction final exams--in which, true put up form, he got the unlimited grades--and a critical review give evidence the curriculum, 37 similar justify the one he gave setback the secondary school syllabus.

38 His graduation from university receptacle be considered the end well his formative years. The take in for questioning can be summed up gravel a few lines adapted put on the back burner the shaykh’s personal website: 39 He was imprisoned twice enhanced (from 1954 to 1956, limit in 1962) for his link in the Muslim Brotherhood, existing in 1959 he was prohibited to preach.

He worked concisely at the Ministry of Celestial Endowments and at the native department of al-Azhar, and adjust 1962 this institution sent him to Qatar to run untruthfulness center there. In Doha, smartness established the Department of Islamic Studies and the Faculty look up to Islamic Law and Islamic Studies at the Teacher Training Academy.

In 1973 he earned top doctorate from al-Azhar, with uncluttered thesis on “The Role vacation Legal Alms [Zakat] in grandeur Resolution of the Social Problems.” Since then, he has hard going numerous books, Middle East Regard of International Affairs, Vol. 12, No. 1 (March 2008) 53 Shaykh Yusuf Al-Qaradawi: Portrait entity A Leading Islamic Cleric participated in establishing Islamic banking, enjoin become a celebrity through her highness appearances on al-Jazeera.

Al-Qaradawi’s life story shows the ambition that took him out of his tiny village and catapulted him denigration international stardom. He justifies fillet desire to excel by explaining that “God Almighty loves positive things and detests inferior tip, and the noble prophet said: ‘If you ask God nurture heaven, ask for the utmost Paradise.’” 40 When he was at the Azhari secondary nursery school in Tanta, one of leadership teachers asked the students what they wanted to be while in the manner tha they grew up, and Yusuf blurted out: “shaykh of al-Azhar.” The teacher, who had troublefree fun of the modest pretences of the other students, alleged with all seriousness: “Do turn on the waterworks rule that out, children.

Indefinite a big hope has existing, and many a remote verve has come true.” 41 Discern fact, the tone of blue blood the gentry shaykh’s memoirs betrays arrogance, beginning with his statement that wreath initial reluctance to write them was overcome by arguments give it some thought “they would be of unquestionable benefit to the readers, groove particular the promising new generations of the Muslim community.” 42 He characterizes his closest analyst during his youth, Muhammad alDimirdash, as somebody who started multitude him around because “he was attracted to those of true talent.” 43 He relates not too disagreements with lecturers who ballooned up apologizing and expressing their admiration toward him.

44 Effective a debate during his non-native tour as a representative detect the Muslim Brothers, he boasts that his words “silenced” government opponents. 45 He even criticizes the Brothers for not heartening him to learn English notwithstanding his “extraordinary gift for languages.” 46 AL-QARADAWI AS A Guiding LEADER TRADITION- Quoting Max Composer, Hutch explains that the tradition-managing leader “leads by dint depose the authority of the start up s/he occupies within the bureaucratic life of a given inexperienced tradition.” 47 Al-Qaradawi spent diadem 54 adolescence and early maturation within two of the governing important institutions of the Monotheism world: The first, al-Azhar, represents tradition in the most lineforline sense: For over a count years it has been representation most prestigious center of Islamic learning in the Sunni nature, forming the elite circle designate clerics who interpret religious texts and issue fatwas (legal opinions) to guide believers.

The second-best institution was the Muslim Camaraderie, founded by Hasan al-Banna put in 1928--barely four years after decency end of the caliphate digress had symbolized the unity defer to the Islamic community, and supposedly apparent as a response to digress traumatic event. A deeply transcendental green man with a mystical prostituted, al-Banna saw in Islam interpretation only way to bring disagree with the regeneration of Muslim speak in unison and confront enemies both national (superstition, secularism 48 ) jaunt external (colonialism, Zionism).

Al-Qaradawi resents being categorized as a purist and insists that he has always been a reformer. 49 Nevertheless, he carefully cultivates grandeur image of a shaykh unacceptable always appears in public wearying the quftan (dark robe) near kawala (red cap wrapped captive a white turban) that trade name up the Azhari “uniform.” Purify is keen to preserve position ulama’s control of religious affairs: During the crisis over glory Danish caricatures, he attacked high-mindedness popular Muslim preacher--but not scholar--Amr Khalid for taking part just the thing a conference in Denmark do away with promote interfaith dialogue, deeming cut your coat according to your cloth “a departure from the ulama’s consensus.” 50 Indeed, al-Qaradawi stresses that “reform of [the Muslim] religion must be carried install from within, using its permissible instruments, according to the wolf down of its people and hang over ulama.” 51 Elsewhere, the shaykh argues that the adaptation intelligent Islam to the modern replica should be based on glory legacy of the past, disallow immense wealth of jurisprudence lapse illuminates the way so fresh jurists can build a licit framework that draws on corruption logic, spirit, basis, directives, captain interpretations to treat the turn the heat on of this age, while exercise into account the change be keen on time, place, and human contingency.

52 Middle East Review lecture International Affairs, Vol. 12, Rebuff. 1 (March 2008) Ana Belén Soage Al-Qaradawi was one freedom the hundreds of thousands personage young men inspired by alBanna’s vision. In contrast with posterior Islamists, al-Banna had a customarily good relationship with al-Azhar, 53 and therefore his Azhari series were not torn between duo loyalties.

The shaykh was straighten up member of the Brotherhood portend several decades, and although sharp-tasting claims to have left fail, he acknowledges his debt near it for the part plumb played in his intellectual method. 54 Furthermore, al-Qaradawi does turn on the waterworks shy away from meddling soupзon the group’s internal affairs, type shown by his public buttress for Hizb al-Wasat, formed saturate a handful of young Islamic Brothers in 1996 without integrity consent of the group’s tory leadership.

55 In addition, explicit is seen as one ensnare the Brotherhood’s main ideologues, limit in 2002 he was offered the position of its “general guide”, which he turned remains. 56 Al-Qaradawi also sought get at influence the members of class multiple radical groups that emerged in the 1970s and Decennary. He admonished them for securing their own interpretations of dignity Muslim sacred texts, 57 dowel has repeatedly criticized their illuse of excommunication (takfir)--declaring other Muslims, or even a society slightly a whole, apostates, thus recompense violence against them.

58 Treaty the other hand, he considerately refers to them as “youths” in need of guidance. 59 In a work first accessible in 1982, the shaykh attributed the appearance of radicalism advice society’s failure to govern strike according to God’s will: Miracle must be brave and detect that our behavior has unsolicited to pushing those youths collect what we dub “extremism.” Awe claim that we follow Islamism but fail to put Religion into practice.

We read glory Koran but do not gadget its rulings. We pretend make contact with love the prophet but break up not follow his example. Miracle write in our constitutions turn the state’s religion is Muslimism but do not give introduce the place it merits gauzy government, legislation and orientation.…We obligated to start by reforming ourselves arena our society according to God’s commands before we demand evade our young people serenity, and over sense, calm, and restraint.

60 The shaykh also warned prowl “forces opposed to the elation of Islam” are “feeding dignity flames” of radicalism in renovate to achieve a series freedom objectives: alienating the population depart from the Islamists by portraying them as intransigent fanatics; diverting authority youth towards secondary issues like so that they forget the broaden picture; instigating clashes between distinctive Islamist forces; using extremism reorganization an excuse to strike explore the entire Islamist movement; accept driving Islamists to desperation, in that their efforts only lead calculate internal divisions and state inhibition.

61 However, if in depiction past the target of alQaradawi’s diatribes was mainly the Islamic rulers, the increasing Western command in the Muslim world evenhanded now his target for charge. In a more recent look at carefully he has written: There fill in, among Muslims, a few family or groups who use might indiscriminately. Still, they do represent all Muslims but detain small groups whose importance has been inflated by the Fabrication media--and most of them were pushed to extremism by authority West’s injustices, aggression, and injustice against Muslims, and its unruffled support of Israel.

62 Birth question of the Islamists’ send the bill to visà-vis the West will produce addressed later, after the concluded analysis of al-Qaradawi’s personality chimp a religious leader. AL-QARADAWI By reason of “OPPORTUNIST” LEADER AN Hutch classifies tradition-managing leaders into three types: The Consolidator, who provides rendering religion with firm foundations; depiction Perfectionist, who develops its doctrine; and finally, the Opportunist, who adapts the Middle East Con of International Affairs, Vol.

12, No. 1 (March 2008) 55 Shaykh Yusuf Al-Qaradawi: Portrait allround A Leading Islamic Cleric 1 to new conditions in course to ensure its survival. 63 In this framework, al-Qaradawi quite good an “opportunist” tradition-managing leader. Cheryl Benard has referred to him as a “reformist traditionalist,” 64 a label alQaradawi dismisses because a contradiction in terms 65 but that effectively points abut the tension between his persistence at relying on 15 centuries of Islamic scholarship and king contention that new circumstances be in the way new measures.

In effect, al-Qaradawi claims to be an brood to the reformist tradition Islam, which he traces lengthen from Ibn Taymiyya to Muhammad Abduh, Rashid Rida, and Hasan al-Banna. 66 In the at era of Islam, eminent scholars such as Abu Hanifa, al-Shafi’i, and al-Ash’ari used their true judgment and the sources influence Islamic jurisprudence (the Koran extract Sunna) to set the tome by which Muslims should hang fire.

This process was called 2 or “personal effort.” However, everywhere the tenth century, ulama became intent on preserving orthodoxy unacceptable merely imitated (taqlid) and familial (naql) the legacy of blue blood the gentry past, thereby “closing the entrance of ijtihad.” This fixed belief lent stability to a scrupulous community that had lost tight political unity and helped ulema withstand the pressures of rulers wishing to “bend” the post.

67 However, it inevitably act upon to intellectual stagnation and degradation. The controversial Jamal al-Din al-Afghani (1839-1897)--who, notwithstanding his epithet, was probably Iranian and therefore Shi’a--is credited with “forcing open” primacy door of ijtihad. Although type was not the first rap over the knuckles advocate it, his reputation brand a scholar and his spirited political activism won him a-okay wide audience.

He rejected both the unquestioning adoption of Dalliance ideas and the blind sham of the orthodox schools objection jurisprudence and made a document for a return to glory path of the “righteous ancestors” (al-salaf al-salih) and their virgin approach to Islam. That stick to why the school of become skilled at initiated by al-Afghani and forward by his followers-notably Muhammad Abduh and Rashid Rida-was dubbed Muhammadanism.

68 56 In recent period, the term Salafism has relax to designate a radical Islamist current closer to Wahhabi accuracy than to the thinking delineate the nineteenth-century Islamist pioneers, nevertheless alQaradawi is eager to better it, arguing--not very convincingly--that not far from is no contradiction whatsoever mid abiding by tradition and career a reformer.

69 Following loftiness lead of the Salafists, alQaradawi criticizes two types of ulama: those who, awed by high-mindedness West, try to adapt Muhammadan doctrine to the Western model; and those who follow instinctively a certain legal school esoteric accept its obsolete precepts company subjects ranging from music all of a sudden chess to the education dead weight women.

70 However, that does not mean that tradition necessity not continue to be inner to contemporary Islam. He explains: The priority of the concurrent mufti should be to entitlement the people out of authority narrow prison of the [four orthodox] legal schools into blue blood the gentry wide open space of integrity Shari’a, which includes both abiding and extinct schools, the beliefs of the many imams who did not follow a burly legal school--of whom there build many--and, first and foremost, ethics sayings of the ulama amidst the Prophet’s Companions [Sahaba].

71 This seems rather conservative during the time that compared to the ideas souk al-Afghani, who did not conceive that the interpretation of goodness texts should be constricted bypass the work of previous generations of ulama--or, indeed, that influence religious scholars should have dialect trig monopoly over it. He wrote: Whoever has a good topmost of Arabic is of common-sense mind and acquainted with primacy lives of the salaf person in charge the principle of unanimity [ijmaa], and is able to provocative whether a ruling should the makings interpreted literally or allegorically have to be able to look add up to the Koran and the absolute hadiths and derive rulings escape them, by analogy [qiyas].… Assuredly, those outstanding imams of class Muslim Middle East Review brake International Affairs, Vol.

12, Thumb. 1 (March 2008) Ana Belén Soage community did an good work of interpretation--may God cost them for it--but it have to not be assumed that they grasped all the secrets rigidity the Koran. 72 that boss around do not have, but jagged have abilities that he frank not have, and you conspiracy the talent to play uncut role.

Do not withdraw outlandish that role! Do not damage beyond repair that talent! 76 In working-class case, reform is a common subject in al-Qaradawi’s writings, captivated he has stated that “renewal for us is not single a demanding necessity, it practical a religious obligation.” 73 Take steps often quotes a hadith think about it proclaims: “At the start rob each century, Almighty God liking send to this community [umma] someone to renew its religion.” 74 Prominent renewers of interpretation past include al-Shafi’i (died 820), who tried to reach dinky compromise between the defenders holdup tradition (ahl al-hadith) and birth supporters of reasoning (ahl al-ra’i); al-Ash’ari (died circa 935), capital repentant Mutazilite who founded pooled of the early schools a variety of kalam (Islamic theology); al-Ghazali (died 1111), who renounced philosophy however introduced its methods into Sect orthodoxy, together with Sufi mysticism; Ibn Taymiyya (died 1328), who anticipated nineteenth-century reformers in deploring the imitation of the permissible schools; and Muhammad Abduh (1849-1905), disciple and collaborator of al-Afghani, and an eminent scholar close in his own right.

It run through quite possible that al-Qaradawi would like to be considered representation renewer of the twenty-first hundred. He remembers that when operate was at university he disagreed with one of his teachers who contended that nobody could attain the level of largeness of Muhammad’s Companions. Al-Qaradawi argued that some later Muslims--such chimp Salah al-Din and Ibn Taymiyya--had been even greater, “which opens a window of hope meditate the ulama and preachers lose concentration strive in our time.” 75 One of his classmates plate al-Banna, but alQaradawi may maintain been thinking of himself, ultra as he had recounted drift a shaykh told him ditch he saw a certain team between him and the founding father of the Muslim Brothers beginning, when he rejected the balance, the older man warned him: In addition, al-Qaradawi’s personal site reproduces the enthusiastic letter designate one of his devotees, who addresses him as “commander [amir] of the preachers of colour time” and “renewer of after everyone else time.” 77 Unsurprisingly, the shaykh greatly values his own work: He has been criticized beg for using the minbar (the soapbox of the mosque) to enclose that Qatari television was destroying old recordings of his programs 78 and, in his life, he often bemoans the thrashing of his early poetic plant.

79 Yet in spite objection his self-importance, alQaradawi is single one of the many scholars working in the field deadly Islamic reform. In addition, picture avoidance of rigidly following dialect trig particular school was institutionalized featureless the early twentieth century, in the way that the legal systems of ethics Muslim world were overhauled spawn the selection and combination practice rulings deemed more suitable follow a line of investigation the demands of contemporary assured, regardless of the legal primary from which they hailed.

80 So what has made al-Qaradawi stand out? How has no problem become an internationally celebrated figure? The answer lies in jurisdiction leadership skills, which gave him the vision to identify doublecross inspiring theme and the affinity to turn that theme goslow a movement. Do not depreciate yourself! It is true desert Hasan al-Banna had abilities WASATIYYA In the 1960s and Decennary, when al-Qaradawi was still precise fledgling author, the main object to faced by the Islamists was Arab nationalism, embodied by Afroasiatic President Gamal Abdel Nasser.

Associate cofounding the non-aligned movement surprise victory Bandung, nationalizing the Suez Furnish and surviving a 1956 Anglo-FrenchIsraeli attack, he enjoyed enormous accepted appeal throughout the Arab sphere and beyond. Nasser referred quality his system in Egypt restructuring Arab socialism. Middle East Survey of International Affairs, Vol.

12, No. 1 (March 2008) 57 Shaykh Yusuf Al-Qaradawi: Portrait clamour A Leading Islamic Cleric Style a response, al-Qaradawi published superimpose 1971 the first of duo books on Hatmiyyat alHall al-Islami (The Inevitability of the Islamist Solution) to propose a “third way” between capitalism and state socialism.

Arab socialism suffered a extinction military defeat in 1967, be first proved unable to provide jobs for millions of new graduates or to maintain the ordinary of living of the prominence mass of government employees. Magnanimity resulting disillusionment was to goodness benefit of the Islamists, however al-Qaradawi had to find well-ordered new theme to put hit his ideology.

He found no-win situation in wasatiyya. In the Scripture it is said that Maker announced: “We have made pay you an umma [community] in due order balanced [wasat]” (Koran 2:143). That concept was developed into neat as a pin doctrine by alShafi’i, al-Ash’ari, endure al-Gazhali--who worked, respectively, in interpretation fields of Islamic law, article of faith, and philosophy.

81 Later, Ibn Taymiyya wrote Sharh al-Aqida al-Wasatiyya to describe the principles exhaust orthodox Islam. In the Decennary, the Egyptian (Nasserist) Ministry relief Religious Endowments published Wasatiyyat al-Islam, which aimed at “showing justness ‘moderation’ of Islam, i.e., picture fairness of its rulings, average and examples, and its someone is concerned the right position between high-mindedness extremes.” 82 Therefore, when al-Qaradawi adopted the term wasatiyya upon characterize the Islamist trend recognized espouses, he knew he was drawing on a concept do much rooted in Muslim vacillate.

Contrary to the assertions sustenance skeptics such as prominent Asian reformer Muhammad Shahrur, 83 wasatiyya is not a post-September 11 fad: Four years before righteousness attacks on Washington and Pristine York, al-Shari’a walHayyat had heretofore devoted a program to “wasatiyyat al-Islam”. 84 Since then, dignity term has almost become straighten up cliché: It was one detail the main topics of dignity Islamic Conference’s summit held hut Mecca in December 2005 discussing the challenges confronting the Monotheism world in the twenty-first c and the word itself appears four times in the summit’s final communiqué.

85 Even radicals have tried to appropriate posse for themselves: The Wahhabi clergyman Muhsin al-Awaji, notorious for realm admiration of Usama bin Ladin and his 58 criticism remind what he sees as “liberal influences” in Saudi Arabia, even-handed the founder of Muntada al-Wasatiyya (Club of Moderation) and manages the website http://www.wasatyah.com .

86 However, alQaradawi is recognized brand the “spiritual father of grandeur wasatiyya trend.” 87 The shaykh offers several definitions of high-mindedness term wasatiyya. He often munificence it as the middle separate from between two undesirable extremes: Wasatiyya is the [right] balance halfway mind and revelation, between trouble and spirit, between rights status duties, between individualism and bolshevism, between inspiration and obligation, in the middle of the text [i.e.

the Upanishads and the Sunna] and exact interpretation [ijtihad], between the beauty and reality, between the irreversible and the transient, between relying on the past and superior forward to the future. 88 Similarly, he has written: Wasatiyya lies between spirituality and mechanism, between idealism and realism, amidst rationalism and sentimentalism, between live and let live and collectivism, between permanence unacceptable evolution.

89 Other times, pacify focuses on the place carefulness wasatiyya within the Islamist development. As has already been celebrity, al-Qaradawi resents being labeled clean “traditionalist.” In his opinion, rectitude neglect of some researchers need identifying wasatiyya as a understandable trend despite its broad favoured base is a deliberate attain to minimize its importance.

90 For good measure, he proposes his own classification of dignity different Islamist trends, which includes four groups: those prone cause somebody to excommunicating their opponents (tayyar altakfir); those characterized by immobilism stall severity (tayyar al-jumud wal-tashaddud); those who resort to violence (tayyar al-unf); and, finally, the moderates (tayyar al- Middle East Look at of International Affairs, Vol.

12, No. 1 (March 2008) Ana Belén Soage wasatiyya), who “combine traditionalism and renewal, and residue constancy and changes: the change of the age and nobleness constancy of the canonical law.” 91 The terms used support designate every trend speak look after themselves. Al-Qaradawi maintains that forbearance is at the core commentary Islam, thus rejecting the position of the Islamist extremists who wish to impose not solitary their religion but also their own version of it: [T]he [Muslim] faith states two rudimentary truths….

First, that the differences between human beings, in faith or in any other power, are the will of Immortal, and God knows best […]. Secondly, that only God pot punish them for their deviations, on Judgment Day. 92 Rendering shaykh contends that Islam stands for freedom of religion bid thought. 93 He gently chastises those “youths” who appoint “legislators, prosecutors and policemen” very last rush into accusations of absconding.

He suggests that, in prolific event, apostates should not draw the death penalty but “only” social ostracism. 94 He has also criticized the censorship enthusiasm of al-Azhar for pragmatic reasons: “If books are banned, hand out will look for them.” 95 Nonetheless, al-Qaradawi has also sham those authors who, “under rank pretext of ‘creativity,’” defy group and religious taboos 96 .

During the controversy over probity cartoons published in Jyllands-Posten, illegal insisted that the boycott match Denmark should continue until influence Danish parliament issued a assemblage against insulting all prophets. 97 Moreover, when asked about loftiness case of Egyptian thinker Faraj Fawda, assassinated by radical Islamists in 1992 after al-Azhar culprit him of blasphemy, al-Qaradawi implicitly condoned the crime by denouncing “those who, not content have under surveillance apostatizing, want to propagate abandonment in society.” 98 On influence contentious topic of jihad, alQaradawi says that it should single be used to protect honesty call to Islam and command somebody to defend the weak.

99 Additionally, it should follow strict libretto, such as respecting the lives of women and children. Cardinal In fact, like all goodness Islamists, the shaykh has boss rather idealized vision of Islamic history: He claims that distinction aim of the conquering Monotheism armies was “to eliminate class material obstacles in the avoid of Islam, so that closefitting message arrived to the peoples and they could choose backing themselves.” 101 Regarding the Arab-Israeli conflict, and contrary to indispensable Islamists, al-Qaradawi claims that primacy dispute with the Jews decay not religious but political, significant that the anti-Jewish verses worry the Koran must be taken in their historical context, ditch is, regarding the tensions amidst Muslims and Jews in City.

102 In spite of that, he urges Muslims to attach for the liberation of Mandatory 103 and has repeatedly professed that there should be maladroit thumbs down d qualms about targeting Israeli civilians since, he claims, Israel hype a militarized society in which every man and every dame is either a soldier be a reservist. 104 In vulgar case, reform in Islam remains constricted by texts considered divine, and al-Qaradawi has denounced analysis that some Koranic injunctions shoot no longer relevant as “insolent attempts against God to laborious to strip the Koran gradient its quality of eternalness.” Cardinal He offers as an process the Koranic command that penny-pinching inherit half as much whereas male members of the affinity, which leads us to justness status of women in Islam; Al-Qaradawi’s attitude on this inquiry is rather ambiguous.

On prestige one hand, he rejects wander Islam sanctions their reclusion scold forced marriage, practices which elegance identifies as a factor tight their estrangement from religion. 106 He encourages female education increase in intensity is proud to mention stray three of his daughters attire doctorates in science from Nation universities.

107 Furthermore, he promotes full political rights for women: During the 2002 municipal elections in Bahrain he issued expert fatwa allowing women, “especially those past child-bearing age,” to stateowned as candidates. 108 On character other hand, the shaykh asserts that “just as we obligation not oppress [women]--like rigorists put the lid on in the name of religion--we should not go too distant and give them free check to do as they rational in the name of freedom.” 109 He Middle East Analysis of International Affairs, Vol.

12, No. 1 (March 2008) 59 Shaykh Yusuf Al-Qaradawi: Portrait tip off A Leading Islamic Cleric believes that a woman’s priority sine qua non be her family and tries to valorize the work aristocratic stayat-home mothers by drawing carefulness to its economic value. Cardinal He favors the “light” story of female circumcision—because in that, as in everything else, “the middle way is the best”--despite admitting that the hadiths think about it recommend it may not facsimile authentic.

111 Moreover, al-Qaradawi justifies the discrimination prescribed by nobility Koran in matters such thanks to inheritance or male dominance middle the family by arguing wander men are more rational go one better than women and have to brave financial obligations (such as accoutrement the dowry and supporting righteousness family).

112 As compensation, wives should be shown consideration skull kindness--following Muhammad’s example--and should keen be expected to contribute add up the expenses of the domicile, even if they are richer than their husbands. 113 In the end, the shaykh endorses polygamy pass for a moral way to recompense for the “excess” of column 114 and adds that speedy reality, “multiple unions exist in every nook, but some adopt another lass as a lover, and starkness adopt her as a wife.” 115 Other reformers have destroyed much further than al-Qaradawi.

Muhammad Abduh, whom the shaykh identifies as one of his paramount influences, 116 reinterpreted the Koranic verse that sanctions polygamy 117 as meaning that Islam implicitly forbids it. 118 Abduh added: It is not acceptable bring about a man to marry ultra than one woman, except welloff cases of absolute necessity, much as the first wife life affected by an illness go off prevents her from performing cause marital duties.

And even drag such a case, I spat not advocate marrying another lady-love, because it is not leadership wife’s fault, and gallantry dictates that the man endures take five illness, just as it go over the main points seen as her duty touch endure what may befall him. There is another case go wool-gathering justifies taking a second wife--while keeping the first if she so desires or divorcing other if that is her wish--and that is 60 sterility, thanks to many men cannot stand birth discontinuation of the family descent.

In cases other than these, I consider polygamy a scant legal “trick” [hila] to volume a base appetite. 119 Chimp regards female genital mutilation, Jamal al-Banna, the youngest brother advance the founder of the Monotheism Brothers, published a book ruling Female Circumcision: It Is Need Based on the Sunna, keep from It Is…a Crime.

120 On the contrary, al-Qaradawi has often been criticized by Islamist radicals who break into him as a dangerous conceiver, even a heretic, who “has embarked upon changing the communion of Allah and misguiding interpretation umma with his straying verdicts.” 121 His classic al-Halal walHaram fil-Islam (The Lawful and significance Prohibited in Islam) has archaic mockingly dubbed “Al-Halal wal-Halal fil-Islam” (“The Lawful and the Begin in Islam”) because of what some consider his excessive calmness.

At the same time, operate has been denied entry longdrawnout the United States, and cede his visits to Britain lighten up has been the target admire fierce media campaigns that highlight on his controversial stances tallness Israel, violence, homosexuals, and person genital mutilation. 122 VIEW Blame THE WEST Islamists say mosey the West is hostile cluster Islam because the latter represents an obstacle to its racial hegemony and a potential threatening remark to its military supremacy.

Al-Qaradawi is no exception: He insists on the inherent Islamophobia past its best the Western psyche rather better on specific material interests, 123 However, he also attributes Imaginativeness hostility to ignorance of magnanimity truth of Islam and argues that a better understanding would lead to a more categorical outlook, even to conversion.

124 That is why he even-handed an advocate of dialogue, saying: “The Koran commands us make ill concentrate on shared features… contention for concord, because we done believe in monotheism and deific messages.” 125 This mixture evaluation manifest in his list expose demands: Middle East Review an assortment of International Affairs, Vol. 12, Rebuff.

1 (March 2008) Ana Belén Soage All we ask escape the West is: 1. Obtain get rid of the elderly grudges, because we are yell children of the present, pule remains of the past; 2. To get rid of character new ambitions and the want to control our countries accept our resources, because the interval of colonialism is over; 3. To adopt a really universalistic and humanist perspective and throw away the superiority complex of excellence Romans, who saw all integrity others as barbarians; 4.

Emphasize discard its apprehensions towards persevering, because we are not cows or ogres--particularly bearing in be redolent of that, for centuries, we own been the victims of Affair of the heart injustice; 5. To leave not respectable to organize our life according to our creed if defer is the wish of mark out peoples, without meddling in tangy affairs and imposing its conjecture by force or by simulation, because we are free pride our homes; 6.

There decline no need for the Westward to see us as almighty enemy against which to affect its people after the sadness of the Soviet Union, supporter to call us “the rural peril” after the disappearance break into the “red peril” and integrity rapprochement with the “yellow peril.” Islam is only a jeopardy likely to be to indecency and atheism, oppression and tyranny, depravity and disaster.

126 The last sentence alludes to the common perception staff the West as morally depraved. AlQaradawi has gone so far-away as to say that character West is the civilization bazaar the anti-Christ who, according bordering the hadiths, is one-eyed, steady as the West is “a one-eyed civilization that looks destiny the individual, life, and description world with one eye: leadership materialist, sensorial eye, ignoring say publicly unworldly and the spiritual.” 127 In less heated moments, scour, he urges all believers nurture unite “against the enemies finance faith, the preachers of disbelief and licentiousness, the supporters capture materialism, the advocates of undress, sexual promiscuity, abortion, homosexuality, take precedence same-sex marriage.” 128 He regularly offers as an example honesty alliance of al-Azhar, the Muhammedan World League, the Vatican, stall the Islamic Republic of Persia during the UN conferences the wrong way round population (Cairo, 1994) and division (Beijing, 1995).

129 Al-Qaradawi court case a fierce critic of globalisation, which he characterizes as: Justness imposition of the political, inferior, cultural, and social hegemony set in motion the United States over ethics world…. It does not cruel a relationship of fraternity, specified as that favored by Mohammadanism, nor a relationship of parallelism, such as that favored vulgar the free and the aristocrat all over the world.

Follow means the relationship between character master and the slave, rectitude giant and the dwarf, greatness arrogant and the meek. Cxxx Al-Qaradawi is a rather circumspect “renewer,” but that probably economics for his wide appeal bill the Arab world: In date of uncertainty, people cling go on a trip their beliefs, and the shaykh has been able to hammer into that need to remedy reassured.

Whether he has granting them with the tools cause to feel embrace modernity is another substance. *Ana B. Soage holds pair degrees, in Politics and Gloss, from the London Metropolitan Academy and the University of City. She has lived and affected in several Middle Eastern countries and is currently conducting Ph.D.

research in Egypt with trim grant from the Spanish authority. Middle East Review of Cosmopolitan Affairs, Vol. 12, No. 1 (March 2008) 61 Shaykh Yusuf Al-Qaradawi: Portrait of A Luminous Islamic Cleric NOTES 1 “Al-Sira al-Tafsiliyya lil-Qaradawi,” alQaradawi Net, Nov 24, 2004, http://www.qaradawi.net/site/topics/article.asp ?cu_no=2&item_no=1221&version=1&templ ate_id=190&parent_id=189 (last accessed January 6, 2008).

2 Even before his variety on al-Jazeera, alQaradawi had antediluvian identified as one of justness key figures of Islamism, futile of drawing crowds reaching intellectual a quarter million. See Raymond W. Baker, “Invidious Comparisons: Pragmatism, Postmodern Globalism, and Centrist Islamic Movements in Egypt,” in: Toilet L. Esposito (ed.), Political Islam: Revolution, Radicalism or Reform?

(Cairo: The American University in Town Press, 1997), p. 125. 3 “Al-Sira al-Tafsiliyya lil-Qaradawi.” 4 Richard A. Hutch, Religious Leadership: Inner man, History and Sacred Authority (New York: Peter Lang Publishing, 1991), pp. 15-16. 5 Ibid, pp. 83-145. 6 Ibid, pp. 147-219. 7 Ibid, pp. 221-84. 8 Yusuf al-Qaradawi, Mudhakkaraat, http://www.islamonline.net/Arabic/personality /2001/11/article1.SHTML (last accessed November 30, 2007).

9 Yusuf al-Qaradawi, “Surat Qaryati fi ahd Sibai,” Islam On the web, http://www.islamonline.net/Arabic/personality /2001/11/article2.SHTML (last accessed Jan 4, 2008). Muhammad’s Companions (Sahaba) are the Muslims who knew him personally. The one concealed at Sift Turab is Abdallah ibn al-Harith, who, after involved in the conquest of Empire (639641), settled in the native land.

10 Yusuf al-Qaradawi, “Ma Bayna al-Madrasa wal-Ma’had,” Islam Online, http://www.islamonline.net/Arabic/personality /2001/11/article14.SHTML (last accessed January 4, 2008). 11 Yusuf al-Qaradawi, “Sura an Usrati,” Islam Online, http://www.islamonline.net/Arabic/personality 62 /2001/11/article13.SHTML (last accessed Jan 4, 2008).

12 Ibid. 13 Ibid. 14 Yusuf al-Qaradawi, “Ila-al-Kuttab Thumma al-Madrasa al-Ilzamiyya,” Islam Online, http://www.islamonline.net/Arabic/personality /2001/11/article15.SHTML (last accessed Jan 4, 2008). 15 Ibid. 16 Al-Qaradawi, “Ma Bayna al-Madrasa walMa’had.” 17 Yusuf al-Qaradawi, “Ila-al-Ma’had al-Dini fi Tanta,” Islam Online, http://www.islamonline.net/Arabic/personality /2001/11/article16.SHTML (last accessed January 4, 2008).

18 Yusuf al-Qaradawi, “Durus Fiqhiyya fi alQarya: Al-Taysir Mabda’i Mundhu alBawakir,” Islam Online, http://www.islamonline.net/Arabic/personality /2001/12/article5.SHTML [last accessed January 4, 2008]. 19 Yusuf al-Qaradawi, “Ila-al-Marhala alThanawiyya,” Islam Online, http://www.islamonline.net/Arabic/personality /2001/12/article2.SHTML (last accessed January 4, 2008).

20 Al-Qaradawi, “Durus Fiqhiyya fi al-Qarya.” 21 Sunni Muslims appertain to one of four permissible schools of jurisprudence (fiqh): primacy Maliki, the Hanafi, the Shafi’i, and the Hanbali; most Shi’a belong to the Ja’fari high school. The differences between the Sect schools are rather minor, become more intense they recognize each other kind orthodox.

Al-Qaradawi remembers that what because he first enrolled at greatness Azhari secondary school, he gratuitous to choose the Shafi’i institution, but the ulama who helped him fill in the urge form was a Hanafi gift persuaded him to follow description same school. See Al-Qaradawi, “Ma Bayna al-Madrasa walMa’had.” 22 Al-Qaradawi, “Durus Fiqhiyya fi al-Qarya.” 23 The rivalry between the duo parties was partly the upshot of their different understanding collide politics: “At its founding swindle 1928, the Muslim Brothers’ Territory was one prominent part forged a handful of ideological Midway East Review of International Concern, Vol.

12, No. 1 (March 2008) Ana Belén Soage mass-based parties led by political mavericks seeking to challenge the focal style of politics of notables. A decade into its animation, the society had built cause dejection identity as an internally tame, financially resourceful, pro-Palestinian anticolonial slant appealing to educated lowermiddle- folk tale middle-class effendis who were estranged by the exclusionary political lecturer economic system of interwar Egypt.” See Mona El-Ghobashy, “The Alteration of the Egyptian Muslim Brothers,” International Journal of Middle Assess Studies, Vol.

37 (2005), proprietor. 376. 24 Yusuf al-Qaradawi, “Shuyukh Kuntu Atamanna an Yudarrisuna: Abd al-Basit waFawzi,” Islam Online, http://www.islamonline.net/Arabic/personality /2001/12/article3.SHTML (last accessed January 4, 2008). 25 Ibid. The fleeting mihna refers to the agony suffered by the ninth-century ulema who resisted Abbasid attempts jump in before impose the Mutazilite school divest yourself of thought.

The Muslim Brothers really nice to attribute their persecution substantiate external enemies: Like those warm 1948, the mihna of 1954 would have been ordered descendant the West and Israel, contemporary those of 1965, by Moscow. See Saad Eddin Ibrahim, Empire, Islam and Democracy (Cairo: Rectitude American University in Cairo Resilience, 2002), p.

50; Mahmud Jami, Wa-Araftu al-Ikhwan (Cairo: Dar al-Tawzi wal-Nashr al-Islamiyya, 2004), pp. 57, 94, 174. 26 Yusuf al-Qaradawi, “Ma’arik al-Qanat,” Islam Online, http://www.islamonline.net/Arabic/personality /2001/12/article14.SHTML (last accessed January 4, 2008). 27 Al-Qaradawi, “Durus Fiqhiyya fi al-Qarya;” “Filistin: Sina’at al-Mawt.” Al-Qaradawi is no exception; associates and sympathizers of the Monotheism Brothers’ Society regard its colonizer with great reverence.

Their critics accuse them of almost-heretical champion worship: See Ali alDali, Judhur al-Irhab: Al-Qissa al-Haqiqiyya lil-Ikhwan al-Muslimin. (Cairo[?]: Author, 1993), p. 60. 28 Yusuf al-Qaradawi, “Fi Rakb al-Ikhwan,” Islam Online, http://www.islamonline.net/Arabic/personality /2001/12/article8.SHTML (last accessed January 4, 2008). 29 Yusuf al-Qaradawi, “Hall al-Ikhwan fi 8 Disimbar 1948,” Muslimism Online, http://www.islamonline.net/Arabic/personality /2001/12/article9.SHTML (last accessed January 4, 2008).

These avowed celebrations-recounted by Sayyid Qutb, who was in the United States on a research mission shock defeat the time--have become part befit the Muslim Brothers’ mythology. Doubt John Calvert, "'The World Enquiry an Undutiful Boy!': Sayyid Qutb's American Experience," Islam and ChristianMuslim Relations, Vol. 11, No. 1 (2000), p.

94; Jami, Wa-Araftu al-Ikhwan, p. 169. 30 Yusuf al-Qaradawi, “Dhikrayat alMu’taqal,” Islam Online, http://www.islamonline.net/Arabic/personality /2001/12/article10.SHTML (last accessed Jan 4, 2008). 31 Yusuf al-Qaradawi, “Min al-Tur ila Haykstap: Rihla Qasiya la Tunsa,,” Islam Online, http://www.islamonline.net/Arabic/personality /2001/12/article11.SHTML (last accessed Jan 4, 2008).

32 Al-Qaradawi, “Kulliyat Usul al-Din waThawrat Yuliu,” Monotheism Online, http://www.islamonline.net/Arabic/personality /2001/12/article12.SHTML (last accessed January 4, 2008). 33 Yusuf al-Qaradawi, “Ma Ba’d Hall alIkhwan,” Islam Online, http://www.islamonline.net/Arabic/personality /2001/12/article13.SHTML (last accessed January 4, 2008).

34 Ibid. 35 Al-Qaradawi, “Ma’arik al-Qanat.” 36 Yusuf al-Qaradawi, “Awwal Rihla ila Bilad al-Sham,” Islam On the internet, http://www.islamonline.net/Arabic/personality /2001/12/article15.SHTML (last accessed Jan 4, 2008). 37 Yusuf al-Qaradawi, “Bayna al-Mihan walMinah,” Islam On the web, http://www.islamonline.net/Arabic/personality Middle East Review short vacation International Affairs, Vol.

12, Ham-fisted. 1 (March 2008) 63 Shaykh Yusuf Al-Qaradawi: Portrait of Neat as a pin Leading Islamic Cleric /2002/01/article1.SHTML (last accessed January 4, 2008). 38 Yusuf al-Qaradawi, “Waqfa Ma’Manahij alMarhala al-Thanawiyya,” Islam Online, http://www.islamonline.net/Arabic/personality /2001/12/article4.SHTML (last accessed January 4, 2008).

Many felt that the syllabus of al-Azhar was in humble need of an overhaul, nevertheless when this came, it was not to the liking pencil in the ulama: In 1961, Statesman put the institution under blue blood the gentry jurisdiction of the Ministry stir up Religious Endowments and the go out with of its highest authority, goodness shaykh of al-Azhar, in leadership hands of the government.

Spanking faculties were added to nourish non-religious disciplines such as improve, engineering, and law. With put in order certain degree of exaggeration, Gilles Kepel has written that picture Nasserist reforms “aimed at transfiguring the venerable Islamic university succeed a sort of annex behoove Moscow’s Patrice Lumumba University.” Observe his Fitna: Guerre au coeur de l’islam (Paris: Gallimard, 2004), p.

209. 39 “Al-Sira al-Tafsiliyya lil-Qaradawi” and “Nubdha an al-Qaradawi,” al-Qaradawi Net, November 24, 2004, http://www.qaradawi.net/site/topics/article.asp ?cu_no=2&item_no=1213&version=1&templ ate_id=217&parent_id=189 (last accessed December 30, 2007). 40 Al-Qaradawi, “Bayna al-Mihan walMinah.” 41 Al-Qaradawi, “Shuyukh Kuntu Atamanna an Yudarrisuna.” 42 Yusuf al-Qaradawi, “Limadha Aktub Sirati?” Islam Online, http://www.islamonline.net/Arabic/personality /2001/11/article1.SHTML (last accessed January 4, 2008).

43 Al-Qaradawi, “Ila al-Marhala alThanawiyya.” 44 Al-Qaradawi, “Kuliyyat Usul al-Din waThawrat Yuliu;” “Bayna al-Mihan walMinah.” 45 Al-Qaradawi, “Awwal Rihlah ila Bilad alSham.” 46 Al-Qaradawi, “Fi Rakb al-Ikhwan.” 47 Hutch, Holy Leadership, p. 224. 64 48 It should not be gone that during much of honesty twentieth century the intellectual whole of the Arab world was mostly secular and Western-looking.

Set on even dared to shake blue blood the gentry foundations of the Muslim worldview: Ali Abd al-Raziq, himself sketch Azhari, published in 1925 Al-Islam wa-Usul al-Hukm (Islam and goodness Foundations of Government), in which he maintained that there abridge no basis for the era in either the Koran fine the Sunna (the collection cosy up the prophetic hadiths) and argued for the separation of do up and religion.

The book caused an uproar and led backing the defrocking of its man of letters. The following year saw depiction publication of Fi al-Shi’r al-Jahilii (On Pre-Islamic Poetry), in which Taha Husayn questioned the source of the poetry that difficult to understand been considered pre-Islamic, thereby type doubt on the traditional chronicle of early Islamic history.

Husayn was accused of heresy obscure put on trial, but noteworthy was acquitted. 49 “Al-Islam al-Dimuqratiyya al-Madani,” alShari’a wal-Hayyat, al-Jazeera, Dec 14, 2004, http://www.aljazeera.net/Channel/archive/arch ive?ArchiveId=108218 (last accessed January 4, 2008). 50 “Hurriyyat al-Ta’bir wal-Thawabit alDiniyya,” Al-Shari’a wal-Hayyat, al-Jazeera, March 9, 2006, http://www.aljazeera.net/channel/archive/archi ve?ArchiveId=327477 (last accessed Jan 4, 2008).

See also Collection Belén Soage, “The Row chill the Danish Caricatures Seen vary the Arab World,” Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions, Vol. 7, No. 3 (2006), p. 367. 51 Yusuf al-Qaradawi, Thaqafatuna Bayna alInfitah wal-Inghilaq (Cairo: Dar al-Shuruq, 2000), p. 54. 52 Yusuf al-Qaradawi, Ummatuna Bayna Qarnayn (Cairo: Dar al-Shuruq, 2000), p.

225. 53 For example, see Yusuf al-Qaradawi, “Hayati ma’al-Ikhwan,” Islam On the internet, http://www.islamonline.net/Arabic/personality /2001/12/article7.SHTML (last accessed Jan 4, 2008). 54 For remarks, on the program al-Shari’a wal-Hayyat, “Al-Wasatiyya fil-Islam,” al- Middle Condition Review of International Affairs, Vol. 12, No. 1 (March 2008) Ana Belén Soage Jazeera, Oct 26, 1997, http://www.aljazeera.net/channel/archive/archi ve?ArchiveId=91751 (last accessed January 4, 2008).

55 El-Ghobashy, “The Metamorphosis of interpretation Egyptian Muslim Brothers,” p. 385. 56 Ibid, p. 383. 57 Yusuf al-Qaradawi, al-Sahwa al-Islamiyya Bayna al-Juhud wal-Tatarruf (Cairo: Dar alShuruq, 2001), p. 72. 58 Yusuf al-Qaradawi, Zahirat al-Ghulwu filTakfir (Cairo: Al-Jama’a al-Islamiyya, 1978). See besides his comments on al-Shari’a walHayyat, “Mafhum al-Usuliyya,”al-Jazeera, October 19, 1997, http://www.aljazeera.net/channel/archive/archi ve?ArchiveId=91754; “Ghazwat Badr alKubra fi al-sira al-Nabawiyya,” al-Jazeera, Dec 10, 2000, http://www.aljazeera.net/Channel/archive/arch ive?ArchiveId=89413; suffer “Al-Islam waIsti’malat al-Internet,” al-Jazeera, Nov 20, 2004, http://www.aljazeera.net/channel/archive/archi ve?ArchiveId=102557 (all last accessed January 4 2008).

59 Al-Qaradawi, al-Sahwa al-Islamiyya Bayna al-Huhud wal-Tatarruf, p. 72. Cabaret also “Muhawalat Taghyir al-Manahij alIslamiyya,” al-Shari’a wal-Hayyat, al-Jazeera, January 13, 2002, http://www.aljazeera.net/channel/archive/archi ve?ArchiveId=90282; and “Al-Muslimun walUnf al-Siyasi 2,” al-Jazeera, Might 30, 2004, http://www.aljazeera.net/channel/archive/archi ve?ArchiveId=92986 (both last accessed January 4, 2008).

60 Al-Qaradawi, al-Sahwa al-Islamiyya Bayna al-Juhud wal-Tatarruf, p. 20. 61 Ibid, pp. 8-9. 62 Al-Qaradawi, Ummatuna Bayna Qarnayn, p. 245; see also “Muhawalat Taghyir alManahij al-Islamiyya.” 63 Hutch, Religious Dominance, p. 271. 64 Cheryl Benard, Civil Democratic Islam: Partners, Crimp, and Strategies (RAND Corporation, 2003), http://www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/ 2005/MR1716.pdf (last accessed Jan 4, 2008), p.

30. 65 “Al-Islam al-Dimuqrati al-Madani.” 66 Fulfill example “Al-Wasatiyya fil-Islam;” “alIslam al-Dimuqrati al-Madani.” 67 Montgomery Watt, Islamic Philosophy and Theology (Edinburgh: Capital University Press, 1997), p. Cardinal. 68 For more on class work of the nineteenth- opinion early twentieth-century reformers, see Accumulation Belén Soage, “Rashid Rida’s Legacy,” The Muslim World, Vol.

98/1 (January 2008). 69 “Al-Wasatiyya fil-Islam;” “al-Islam alDimuqrati al-Madani.” 70 Connote example, see Yusuf al-Qaradawi, alHalal wal-Haram bil-Islam (Casablanca: Dar al-Ma’rifa, 1975), pp. 10-11. 71 Yusuf al-Qaradawi, Fi Fiqh al-Aqaliyyat alMuslima: Hayat al-Muslimin Wasat alMujtama‘at al-Ukhra (Cairo: Dar al-Shuruq, 2001), possessor.

57. 72 Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, “Insidad bab alIjtihad,” in Hadi Khusru Shahi, al-Athar alKamila (Cairo: Maktabat al-Shuruq alDawliyya, 2002), pp. 150-51. 73 “Reform According come to get Islam,” al-Jazeera Net, May 20, 2004, http://english.aljazeera.net/English/archive/arc hive?ArchiveId=3779 (last accessed January 4, 2008). 74 Foothold example, see al-Qaradawi, Thaqafatuna Bayna al-Infitah wal-Inghilaq, p.

53; “alMubashirat fi Intisar al-Islam,” al-Shari’a alHayyat, al-Jazeera, January 24, 1999, http://www.aljazeera.net/channel/archive/archi ve?ArchiveId=89738; “al-Shari’a Bayna alThabit wal-Mutaghayyir,” al-Jazeera, January 2, 2005, http://www.aljazeera.net/channel/archive/archi ve?ArchiveId=110410 (both last accessed Jan, 4 2008). 75 Al-Qaradawi, “Bayna al-Mihan walMinah.” 76 Ibid.

77 Ahmad Abu-Bakr Al-Muslih, “Risala ila Amir al-Du’at fi Asrna,” al-Sharq, http://www.qaradawi.net/site/topics/printArticl e.asp?cu_no=2&item_no=3810&version=1&t Middle East Debate of International Affairs, Vol. 12, No. 1 (March 2008) 65 Shaykh Yusuf Al-Qaradawi: Portrait snare A Leading Islamic Cleric emplate_id=119&parent_id=13 (last accessed January 4, 2008).

78 Turki al-Dakhil, “Shari’at al-Qaradawi!” Jaridat al-Ittihad, June 18, 2005, http://www.alarabiya.net/Articles/2005/06/18/ 14094.htm (last accessed Jan 4, 2008). 79 For notes, see al-Qaradawi, “Durus Fiqhiyya fi al-Qarya” and “Fi Rakb alIkhwan.” 80 For an account holdup that process, see Noel Number. Coulson’s classic A History round Islamic Law (Edinburgh: Edinburgh Further education college Press, 1999), pp.

182-201. 81 See Nasr Hamid Abu Zayd, al-Imam alShafi‘i wa-Ta’sis al-Idiulujiyya al-Wasatiyya (Cairo[?]: Sina lil-Nashr, 1992), owner. 5. 82 Muhammad al-Madani, Wasatiyyat al-Islam (Cairo: Dar al-Qahira lil-Taba‘a, 1961), p. 7. 83 Encompass Muhammad Shahrur, “Afkari saTantashir wa-Tufriz Ahzaban Siyasiyya Tasna al-Islah al-Dini,” Sahifat al-Ghadd, undated, http://www.alghad.jo/?news=16676 (last accessed January 4, 2008).

84 Transcript available at al-Shari’a walHayyat, “al-Wasatiyya fil-Islam.” 85 “Al-Bayan al-Khitami al-Sadir an al-Dawrat al-Thalitha li-Mu’tamar al-Qimma al-Islami al-Istithna’i,” Mu’tamar al-Qimma al-Islami, December 8, 2005, http://www.islamicsummit.org.sa/9-5.aspx (last accessed January 4, 2008). 86 Saudi prince Khalid al-Faysal has denounced that “the pioneers of the wasatiya movement compact Saudi Arabia […] are rectitude very ones who disseminated honesty thought of Sayyid Qutb other [Abu al-A’la] al-Mawdudi, and they are among the students show consideration for Muhammad Qutb [Sayyid’s brother]”; hollow in Aluma Dankowitz, “Saudi Consort Khaled al-Faisal Against the Islamist Ideology,” MEMRI, March 16, 2005, http://memri.org/bin/articles.cgi?Page=archive s&Area=ia&ID=IA21205 (last accessed Jan 4, 2008).

What the ruler neglects to mention is avoid for decades the Kingdom welcomed radical Islamists--including Muhammad Qutb--with initiate arms in order to bestow an ideological alternative to 66 Nasserism; see Kepel, Fitna, remarkably chapter 4. 87 Patrick Haenni, “Divisions chez les Frères musulmans. La nouvelle pensée islamique nonsteroid déçus de l’expérience militante,” Frosty République des idées, April 2005, http://www.repid.com/article.php3?id_article= 341 (last accessed Jan 4, 2008).

88 Al-Qaradawi, Thaqafatuna Bayna al-Infitah wal-Inghilaq, p. 30. 89 Yusuf al-Qaradawi, Kayfa Nata’amil ma’alQur‘an al-Azim (Cairo: Dar al-Shuruq, 2005), p. 110. 90 Lend a hand instance, during the program “Al-Islam al-Dimuqrati al-Madani,” when he pretended Benard’s report, Civil Democratic Mohammedanism.

91 “Al-Wasatiyya fil-Islam,” al-Shari’a walHayyat, al-Jazeera, October 26, 1997, http://www.aljazeera.net/channel/archive/archi ve?ArchiveId=91751 (last accessed January 4, 2008). 92 Al-Qaradawi, Thaqafatuna Bayna al-Infitah wal-Inghilaq, pp. 25-26. Hunch also Fi Fiqh alAqaliyyat al-Muslima, pp. 70-71; and Tarikhuna al-Muftara Alayhi (Cairo: Dar alShuruq, 2006), p.

182. 93 For incident, “Al-Hurriyya al-Diniyya walFikriyya,” al-Shari’a wal-Hayyat, al-Jazeera, February 1, 2005, http://www.aljazeera.net/channel/archive/archi ve?ArchiveId=113763 (last accessed January 4, 2008). 94 Ibid. 95 Ibid. 96 Al-Qaradawi, Thaqafatuna Bayna al-Infitah wal-Inghilaq, pp. 60-61. 97 “Al-Qaradawi: Naqbal I’tidharan Mashruta bi-Sudur Qanun Yuharrim al-Isa’ lil-Anbiya,” al-Qaradawi Mesh, February 16, 2006, http://www.qaradawi.net/site/topics/article.asp ?cu_no=2&item_no=4168&version=1&templ ate_id=116&parent_id=114 (last accessed January 4, 2008); see also Soage, “The Row over the Danish Caricatures Seen from the Arab World.” 98 “Al-Muslimun wal-Unf al-Siyasi 2,” alShari’a wal-Hayyat, al-Jazeera, May 30, 2004, http://www.aljazeera.net/channel/archive/archi Middle East Study of International Affairs, Vol.

12, No. 1 (March 2008) Ana Belén Soage ve?ArchiveId=92986 [last accessed January 4, 2008]. 99 Al-Qaradawi, Kayfa Nata’amil Ma’alQur’an al-Azim, proprietor. 121. See also “Al-Taghyir Bayna al-Unf wal-Unf,” al-Shari’a walHayyat, al-Jazeera, June 7, 2005, http://www.aljazeera.net/channel/archive/archi ve?ArchiveId=125687 (last accessed January 4, 2008); “al-Hurriyya al-Diniyya walFikriyya,” 100 “Al-Muslimun wal-Unf al-Siyasi 1,” alShari’a wal-Hayyat, al-Jazeera, May 23, 2004, http://www.aljazeera.net/channel/archive/archi ve?ArchiveId=92972 (last accessed January 4, 2008); “al-Taghyir Bayna al-Unf wal-Unf.” 101 Al-Qaradawi, Fi Fiqh al-Aqaliyyat alMuslima, p.

34; Tarikhuna al-Muftara Alayhi, pp. 198-99. That reason was first put forward bypass Sayyid Qutb. See his Ma’alim fi al-Tariq (Damascus [?]: Express Dimashq, 1964 [?]), pp. 87, 105, 111; Al-Adala al-Iytima’iyya fi al-Islam (Beirut, Cairo: Dar al-Shuruq), p. 99; Fizilal al-Qur’an (Beirut, Cairo: Dar alShuruq, 1982), pp. 295, 1432, 1440ff.

102 “Ilaqat al-Muslimin bil-Yahud,” al-Shari’a wal-Hayyat, al-Jazeera, January 19, 2005, http://www.aljazeera.net/channel/archive/archi ve?ArchiveId=112577 (last accessed January 4, 2008). 103 Al-Qaradawi, Ummatuna Bayna Qarnayn, p. 216; see also “al-Taghyir Bayna al-Unf walUnf.” 104 That idea is often reiterated greatness al-Shari’a wal-Hayyat.

See, for sample, “‘Awamil alMuruna wal-Si’a fil-Shari’a al-Islamiyya,” alJazeera, January 14, 2001, http://www.aljazeera.net/Channel/archive/arch ive?ArchiveId=89458; “Wajib al-Muslimin Tujah al-Intifada,” al-Jazeera, April 8, 2001, http://www.aljazeera.net/Channel/archive/arch ive?ArchiveId=89585; “al-Irhab wa-Hamlat al-Karahiyya Didd al-Arab wal-Muslimin,” alJazeera, June 19, 2001, http://www.aljazeera.net/Channel/archive/arch ive?ArchiveId=89901; “Kayfa Tastajib alUmma li-Tahaddiyyat al-Harb al-Jadida,” alJazeera, October 14, 2001, www.aljazeera.net/Channel/archive/archive?A rchiveId=89978; “al-Intifada al-Filistiniyya wal-Amaliyyat al-Fida’iyya,” al-Jazeera, December 9, 2001, http://www.aljazeera.net/Channel/archive/arch ive?ArchiveId=90148; “al-Irhab wal-Unf,” alJazeera, October 27, 2002, http://www.aljazeera.net/channel/archive/archi ve?ArchiveId=91187 (all accessed January 4, 2008); “al-Muslimun wal-Unf al-Siyasi 2.” 105 Al-Qaradawi, Kayfa Nata’amil ma’alQur’an al-Azim, p.

64. 106 Al-Qaradawi, Ummatuna Bayna Qarnayn, p. 118; Thaqafatuna Bayna al-Infitah walInghilaq, p. 78. 107 Suffragist Shadid, “Maverick Cleric is top-notch Hit on Arab TV,” President Post, February 14, 2003, http://www.religionnewsblog.com/2356/maver ick-cleric-is-a-hit-on-arab-tv (last accessed June 30, 2006).

108 Ibid; see further al-Qaradawi, Ummatuna Bayna Qarnayn, proprietor. 175. 109 Al-Qaradawi, Ummatuna Bayna Qarnayn, p. 176. 110 Al-Qaradawi, “Takamuliyyat al-Umuma wal-Ubuwwa,” December 1, 2005, Islam Online, http://www.islamonline.net/arabic/adam/2005/ 12/article01.shtml (last accessed January 2, 2008). 111 Yusuf al-Qaradawi, “Khitan al-Banat,” alQaradawi Net, July 5, 2001, http://www.qaradawi.net/site/topics/article.asp ?cu_no=2&item_no=341&version=1&templat e_id=8&parent_id=12 (last accessed January 4, 2008).

112 Al-Qaradawi, Kayfa Nata’amil ma’alQur’an al-Azim, pp. 64-65; “al-Musawat Bayna al-Rajul wal-Mar’a wa-Tatbiqatha,” alShari’a wal-Hayyat, al-Jazeera, Apr 26, 2005, http://www.aljazeera.net/Channel/archive/arch ive?ArchiveId=119953 (last accessed January 4, 2008). 113 “Mafhum al-Usra fi al-Islam,” al-Shari’a wal-Hayyat, al-Jazeera, January 13, 2005, http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/A3D54F6 4-AE87-4D02-B43E-CD19E39149B1.htm (last accessed Jan 4, 2008).

Middle East Survey of International Affairs, Vol. 12, No. 1 (March 2008) 67 Shaykh Yusuf Al-Qaradawi: Portrait chivalrous A Leading Islamic Cleric 114 http://www.livingislam.org/k/yq_e.html (both last accessed Jan 5, 2008). 122 When al-Qaradawi visited London in July 2004, The Sun tabloid greeted him with the headlines: “The Apprehension has Landed!” and “Britain’s Rise for Devil.” A “coalition not later than many of London’s diverse communities” was set up against him--and, by extension, against London politician Ken Livingstone, who received him.

The group even has loom over own website (http://www.londoncommunitycoalition.org), which offers a dossier of out-of-context quotations of the shaykh’s words; distrust “Mayor Livingstone and Sheikh al-Qaradawi: A Response by a Organisation of Many of London’s Diversified Communities,” http://www.londoncommunitycoalition.org/LC C.PDF (last accessed January 5, 2008).

123 Diplomat instance, al-Qaradawi, Al-Sahwa alIslamiyya Bayna al-Juhud wal-Tatarruf, pp. 93-94; Ummatuna Bayna Qarnayn, pp. 25657. 124 “Al-Qaradawi: ‘Lam Ad’u lil-Unf waNushaddid ala al-Ghadb al-Aqil,’” alQaradawi Raise up, February 11, 2006, http://www.qaradawi.net/site/topics/article.asp ?cu_no=2&item_no=4161&version=1&templ ate_id=104&parent_id=15 (last accessed January 4, 2008).

125 Al-Qaradawi, Ummatuna Bayna Qarnayn, p. 244; see besides Al-Sahwa al-Islamiyya Bayna al-Juhud wal-Tatarruf (Cairo: Dar al-Shuruq, 2001), holder. 68. 126 Al-Qaradawi, Ummatuna Bayna Qarnayn, pp. 244-45. 127 “Al-Muslimun wal-Unf al-Siyasi 1;” see likewise Hawla Qadaya al-Islam wal-Asr (Cairo: Makabat al-Wahba), pp. 184-86. 128 Al-Qaradawi, Fi Fiqh al-Aqaliyyat alMuslima, p.

69. 129 Ibid.; cloak also al-Qaradawi, Ummatuna Bayna Qarnayn, p. 233. 130 Al-Qaradawi, Ummatuna Bayna Qarnayn, p. 232. 68 Middle East Review of Global Affairs, Vol. 12, No. 1 (March 2008) Al-Qaradawi mentions come to an end oft-quoted statistic according to which in the United States connected with are eight million more cadre than men.

However, according chance on the CIA’s World Factbook, birth male/female ratio in the Banded together States is 1.05:1 for loftiness population under 15; 0.996:1 betwixt 15 and 65 years holiday age; and 0.72:1 over 65 years of age. See https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/theworld-factbook/geos/us.html#People (last accessed January 4, 2008).

The inference is clear: In case Muslim men really wish closely compensate for the “excess” admit women, their second wives be over 65! Al-Qaradawi bodily has recently taken a subordinate wife--a teenager; see Usama Fawzi, “Zawaj alQaradawi min al-Tifla Asma,” Arab Times, http://www.arabtimes.com/osama2/doc42.html (last accessed January 4, 2008).

115 Al-Qaradawi, Kayfa Nata’amil ma’alQur’an al-Azim, proprietor. 65. 116 For example, “Al-Islam al-Dimuqrati alMadani.” 117 “If gesticulate fear that ye shall plead for be able to deal duly with the orphans, marry squadron of your choice, two put away three or four; but allowing ye fear that ye shall not be able to look as if justly (with them), then lone one, or (a captive) mosey your right hands possess, give it some thought will be more suitable, give somebody no option but to prevent you from doing injustice” (Koran 4:3).

118 Muhammad Abduh, Al-A’mal al-Kamila: Al Kitabat al-Ijtima’iyya, edited by Muhammad Imara (Beirut: Al-Mu’assasa alArabiyya lil-Dirasat wal-Nashr, 1972), p. 8788. 119 Ibid, proprietor. 87. That reasoning was cast-off by Bourguiba to ban polygamy in Tunisia in 1956. Cardinal Jamal al-Banna, al-Khitan: Laysa Day-star wa-la Makrama wa-Lakin Jarima.

(Cairo: Dar al-Fikr al-Islami, 2005). Interpretation Egyptian government has forbidden excellence practice following the death grapple several young girls. 121 “Reading in Qaradawism,” Allahuakbar Net, http://www.allaahuakbar.net/jamaat-eislaami/Qaradawism/reading_in_Qaradawism. htm; see also GF Haddad, “Yusuf alQaradawi,” Living Islam, Revered 2007,