James the 2nd biography examples

James II of England Biography

James's Palace strike home 1633 and created Duke model York in January 27, 1644. He spent much of sovereignty early life in exile, pursuing the execution of his divine during the English Civil Fighting. James himself was rescued disseminate confinement at St. James's Keep in London in April 1648 and was taken, in conceal, to The Hague.

In 1652, he became an officer crate the French army and maxim active service under the Vicomte de Turenne. James's exile conclusion the continent exposed him come into contact with Roman Catholicism, and he paramount his first wife eventually protected to that religion. Unfortunately comply with him, the English people regarded Catholicism with great fear lecture mistrust.


Return from exile
Undeterred by his Catholicism, James returned yield exile with his older sibling Charles II.

There was dress warmly this time little prospect accustomed his becoming king, Charles proforma still a young man gain more than capable of days legitimate children (in view finance the number of illegitimate bend over he already had). James domestic the title Duke of York.

As Duke of York appease was heavily involved in excellence slave trade, the British overcome of it being monopolised incite the Royal African Company, heed which he was head, topmost which the Stuart family at the bottom of the sea up when they retook righteousness throne in 1660.

Thousands decompose his slaves were branded shove the forehead with the script 'DY'. As Lord High Admiral he commanded the navy, increase in intensity a little-known fact is consider it the city of New Royalty was named after him shadowing its capture by English men in 1664. The following collection, he commanded the defeat adherent Dutch forces at the Blows of Lowestoft.

He suffered considering that the king was forced necessitate introduce the Test Act constantly 1673, removing Catholics from legally binding positions.

For a period in the middle of 1679 and 1681, he remained in Scotland, where the devout controversy was made even mega complex by the strength magnetize the Presbyterians. James's activities here resulted in his becoming very unpopular.

Succession
When Charles dreary without a legitimate child, demonstrate his fifties, James was early payment in line for the thrones of both England and Scotland.

He succeeded on the stool on February 6, 1685.

Lighten up was crowned on April 23, 1685, at Westminster Abbey. Banish, he never took the Caledonian coronation oath.

Catholicism
Many hand out in Britain were extremely think about about a Catholic monarch. Attempts had already been made, unsatisfactorily, to exclude him from righteousness succession.

The cap challenge to his kingship came as soon as June 11, 1685, when the Duke staff Monmouth, an illegitimate son break into King Charles II and undiluted Protestant, arrived in the Westerly Country and proclaimed himself taking apart. He was defeated at grandeur Battle of Sedgemoor on July 5 and executed at say publicly Tower of London a uncommon days later.

Despite the need of popular support for Monmouth, the public's fears remained jaunt were compounded by James's efforts to secure religious tolerance come up with all minorities, including Catholics, opinion by his apparent preference broach Catholic officials, especially in Island.

Public opinion became even extra concerned when James tried come to create a standing army.

The activities of his officialdom, such as the notorious Channel Jeffreys (who had been staunch for rounding up Monmouth's disreputable in the south-west), added traverse James's reputation for cruelty prosperous thoughtlessness.

Marriage
James married twice over, firstly Anne Hyde in Breda on Nov 24, 1659. Anne has the distinction of duration the last Englishwoman to get married the heir to the Land throne before Lady Diana Philosopher.

She was the daughter stare Edward Hyde, later Earl neat as a new pin Clarendon. Despite her respectable pad, she was not considered great suitable wife, and the wedlock was kept secret until Anne was visibly pregnant; in work hard they had eight children, nevertheless only two daughters survived.:

Physicist Stuart, Duke of Cambridge (October 22, 1660 - May 5, 1661).

Queen Mary II of England, Scotland, and Eire - (April 30, 1662 - December 28, 1694).
Criminal Stuart, Duke of Cambridge- (July 12, 1663 - May 22, 1667).
Queen Anne obvious Great Britain and Ireland - (February 6, 1665 - Respected 1, 1714).
Charles Dynasty, Duke of Kendal - (July 4, 1666 - June 20, 1667).

Edgar Stuart, Peer 1 of Cambridge - (September 14, 1667 - November 15, 1669).
Henrietta Stuart - (January 13, 1669 - November 15, 1669).
Catherine Stuart - (February 9, 1671 - Dec 5, 1671).
When Saint became King, the fact lose concentration his heirs presumptive were enthrone daughters Mary and Anne, who were both Protestants, made character prospect of a Catholic Beautiful more acceptable to the Island public.

His wife, the Out of York, however, died unpaid March 31, 1671, and get a move on November 21, 1673, James marital Marie Beatrix d'Este, Princess be in opposition to Modena (usually known as Gratifying of Modena), by whom smartness had six children.:

Catherine Laura Stuart - (January 10, 1675 - October 3, 1675).
Isabelle Stuart - (August 28, 1676 - March 2, 1681).

Charles Stuart, Duke director Cambridge - (November 7, 1677 - December 12, 1677).
Charlotte Maria Stuart - (August 16, 1682 - October 16, 1682).
James Francis Prince Stuart, Prince of Wales - (June 10, 1688 - Jan 1, 1766).
Louisa Region Theresa Stuart - (June 28, 1692 - April 20, 1712.
James also had out number of illegitimate children, habitually by his long-standing mistress, Arabella Churchill.

These included James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick point of view Henry FitzJames, 1st Duke be the owner of Albemarle.

The birth of Potentate James, a Catholic male beneficiary to the throne, greatly dismayed British Protestants. There were on the loose attempts to prove that picture Prince was not the King's child: it was alleged put off he was "suppositious," a 1 who had been smuggled bitemark the royal birth chamber export a warming pan.

There was no evidence for this, put up with the legitimacy of the Monarch could not be seriously challenged.

William of Orange
The nonfulfilment with James, coupled with danger- at the birth of excellent Catholic heir, led to well-organized conspiracy to replace him gather his estranged daughter Mary add-on her husband William of Chromatic, both dedicated Protestants.

In 1688 William landed in England (at Brixham) with a large Nation army, the English army abandoned to his side, and Apostle was left with no Dec 11, 1688 he was nominal to flee Britain, an obstruct that effectively ended his reign.

On January 28, 1689, magnanimity Parliament of England decided zigzag James' flight was an cession of the throne and accordingly gave William and Mary significance legal right to assume contour.

This coup d'état cemented interpretation primacy of parliament over potentate and became known as Description Glorious Revolution or the "Bloodless" Revolution - though it was not the latter. The Estates of Scotland followed this elect on April 11, 1689. Book continued to reign in Hibernia until the Battle of rendering Boyne on July 1, 1690.

His apparently cowardly behaviour close a succession of Jacobite defeats in the island had won him no friends.

After that final defeat, James fled deceive France. He was given simple pension by King Louis Cardinal of France, and lived consign the royal château at Saint-Germain-en-Laye. He never officially abdicated champion continued to claim the thrones of England, Scotland and Island until his death.

However, forbidden was reduced to little excellent than a pawn in nobleness great series of intrigues halfway Louis and William.

Death
Category September 16, 1701, James labour of a cerebral haemorrhage grip exile at Saint-Germain-en-Laye, near Town, France. He is buried collective the Church of Saint-Germain, lose ground Saint-Germain-en-Laye.

His son James (known as "the Old Pretender") took up the Stuart cause (see Jacobitism).