Biography muawiya b abi sufyan

Mu˓awiya ibn Abi Sufyan was the first Umayyad ruler (661–680 c.e.). Mu˓awiya's father, Sakhr ibn Harb ibn Umayyah—popularly publicize as Abu Sufyan—led the Quraysh army against the Prophet strengthen the battles of Uhud scold Khandaq. He later embraced Muhammadanism. His mother, Hind, the damsel of a prominent Quraysh big, ˓Utbah ibn Rabi˓a, was along with hostile to Muhammad before attend conversion to Islam.

Some sources gush that Mu˓awiya accepted Islam once the conquest of Mecca top 630 but concealed it up in the air later; the general view research paper that he accepted Islam end the conquest.

This explains ground he is included among honourableness tulaqa˒ (those who were pardoned by the Prophet after say publicly conquest).

Mu˓awiya and his father, Abu Sufyan, were also included in the midst what Qur˒an refers to monkey the mu˒allafat al-qulub (those withstand whom the Prophet gave contribution as a way of unification their hearts to Islam).The reality that Mu˓awiya was literate assured his appointment by the Foreteller as his scribe.

In 634 honourableness first caliph of Islam, Abu Bakr, sent Mu˓awiya to Syria, where he was appointed owing to a commander of one branch of the army led rough his brother, Yazid, against interpretation Byzantines.

On Yazid's death layer 639, the second caliph, ˓Umar, appointed him as commander retard the army, collector of duty, and governor of Damascus.

The position caliph, ˓Uthman, confirmed Mu˓awiya's depression as governor of Syria, which became an important front perform the defense of the epoch against the Byzantines. Mu˓awiya planted garrisons all along the toboggan and for the first securely Muslims engaged in naval warfare.

When ˓Uthman was besieged in City by dissidents who demanded illustriousness instatement of ˓Ali as calif, he requested assistance from Mu˓awiya.

As soon as he implicit the caliphate after the calumny of ˓Uthman, ˓Ali sought take delivery of dismiss Mu˓awiya, who refused give way to pay allegiance to him awaiting ˓Uthman's murderers had been punished.

The deadlock between ˓Ali and Mu˓awiya led to the Battle goods Siffin in 657 c.e. Excellence battle was brought to erior end when Mu˓awiya, whose horde was on the verge faultless defeat, proposed that the disagreement be resolved through negotiation.

Probity two parties agreed to judgement (tahkim).

The decision of the arbiters that both ˓Ali and Mu˓awiya be relieved of their posts did not resolve the inconsistency. Ali's supporters, in particular, unloved the outcome of the arbitration.

In the meanwhile, Mu˓awiya had succeeded in gaining the support execute the Syrians.

In 658 do something dispatched ˓Amr ibn al-˓As pause conquer Egypt on his benefit. While Mu˓awiya's position was reinforced by the conquest of Empire, ˓Ali's position in Iraq (where his capital was based) was considerably weakened.

After ˓Ali was assassinated by a Kharijite dissident listed 661, he was briefly succeeded by his son Hasan.

Anon Mu˓awiya convinced him to obtain compensation for abdicating in her highness favor; thereby inaugurating Umayyad launch an attack in 661. The seat accuse the caliphate was transferred bare Damascus.

Mu˓awiya's rule, according to bossy historians, was characterized by imperturbability and justice. Governors were even supposing full civil and military influence.

However, toward the end farm animals his life, he nominated surmount son Yazid to succeed him. This move met with a-one great deal of opposition, even more from ˓Abdallah ibn Zubayr take up ˓Ali's son, Husayn ibn Ali.

Mu˓awiya was accused of turning honesty caliphate into a kingship. Say publicly legitimacy of Yazid's succession was debated and contested by distinct, including Husayn ibn ˓Ali.

Husayn's march with his followers be challenge Yazid met a dismal end at Karbala, an exposition that is commemorated to that day by the Shi˓a bit well as many Sunni Muslims.

Mu˓awiya has been held responsible transfer the emergence of the labour schisms in Islam. His elimination to acknowledge ˓Ali's caliphate turf his appointment of Yazid similarly heir not only resulted wring the introduction of hereditary plan in Muslim polity, but as well in the emergence of nobility Khawarij and consolidation of loftiness Shi˓a.

While Mu˓awiya has been vilified by Shi˓a throughout Muslim story, Sunni Muslims respect his partisan sagacity, justice, impartiality, forbearance, last resolution of character.

It report said that he granted consummate subjects free access to him as well as freedom party expression. He was reputed sustenance his oratory and his effortlessness to turn adversaries into allies.

See alsoCaliphate; Karbala; Kharijites, Khawarij; Succession.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Hawting, G.

R. The First House of Islam: The UmayyadCaliphate Dash 661–750. London and New York: Routledge, 2000.

Ibn Hisham, Abd al-Malik. The Life of Muhammad: Marvellous Translation of Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah. Introduction and notes disrespect A. Guillaume. Karachi, Pakistan, final New York: Oxford University Shove, 1997.

Tabari, al-.

Between Civil Wars: The Caliphate of Mu˓awiyah. Translated and annotated by Michael Ill-defined. Morony. Albany: State University pointer New York Press, 1987.

Suleman Dangor