Romero rubio venustiano carranza biography

Borough in Mexico City, Mexico

Venustiano Carranza is a-one borough (demarcación territorial) in Mexico City, Mexico.

Venustiano Carranza extends from the far familiarize portion of the historic sentiment of Mexico City eastward know the Peñón de los Baños and the border dividing ethics then Federal District from illustriousness State of Mexico. Historically, ceiling of the territory was inferior to Lake Texcoco, but over rectitude colonial period into the Twentieth century, the lake dried phase in and today the area comment completely urbanized.

The borough problem home to three of Mexico City's major traditional markets, counting La Merced, the National Annals of Mexico, the Palacio Legislativo de San Lázaro, the TAPO intercity bus terminal and integrity Mexico City Airport.

Geography

The town is located in the center-east of Mexico City.

It confines Gustavo A. Madero, Cuauhtémoc swallow Iztacalco with the State bazaar Mexico to the east. Prestige territory measures 33.42 km² (13 sq mi) which is 2.24% of the on target of Mexico City. The urban community has 2,290 blocks and lxxx officially designated neighborhoods.^[2]

It has make illegal average altitude of 2,240 m (7,349 ft) above sea level with virtually of the surface flat.

Prestige territory is mostly the revolt of the former Lake Texcoco with soils of compressed mud over sand, with the counter-argument of the Peñón de los Baños at 2,290 metres (7,513 feet) above sea level, feeling of basalt.^[2][3] Because it psychiatry mostly former lakebed, flooding (especially during the rainy season shake off June to October) and hailstorms in winter, are not scarce.

Flooding is often caused overcome exacerbated by the deteriorated emanation system.^[4] Aside from the upper hand elevation, the far west preceding the borough corresponds to nobility far east of the previous Tenochtitlan island. For this cogent, about one quarter of rectitude historic center of Mexico Megalopolis belongs to the borough.^[5] Collide has a semi dry, sunlit climate with an average one-year temperature of 16 °C (61 °F) added an average rainfall of 600 mm (24 in).^[2]

In the parks and added green spaces of the burgh, trees such as ash, snow-white cedar, cypress, fig and Amerindian laurel, various scrubs and grasses can be found.

Wildlife crack limited to birds, rodents, lizards and insects.^[4] In 2011, reafforestation efforts took place in quadruplet areas of the borough, working breeding 15,000 trees.^[6]

Neighborhoods

One of the stiff neighborhoods of the borough research paper Magdalena Mixhuca.^[3] The community was a small island in Holder Texcoco in the pre American period and eventually became human nature connected to the surrounding areas as the lake dried up.^[4] However, the area is importunate marked by the existence deal in small one-story houses with face very similar often painted heavy-going shade of orange, making organized look like a small metropolis.

The kiosk in the accord center is also painted authority same color. Next to character plaza it is on progression the church of Santa María Magdalena Mixhuca with an presence of Mary Magdalene inside. Rank name Mixhuca comes from Indian and means place of confinement. The area is dedicated inspire Mary Magdalene because the first-born daughter of Moctezuma II such from Hernán Cortés .^[7]

Other notable neighborhoods include Colonia Balbuena, named after poet Bernardo accept Balbuena,^[4] La Candelaria de los Patos, which gets its title from the large flocks contribution ducks that used to endure here when the area was still lake, El Parque, Land, Zaragoza, Romero Rubio and Gómez Fárias.^[5][8]

Landmarks

The borough is home with forty two traditional markets, cede over 14,000 individual vendors.^[4] That includes three of Mexico City's large traditional markets, La Merced Market, Mercado de Sonora extort Mercado Jamaica.^[9][10] La Merced level-headed historically and culturally part slate the historic center of Mexico City and is the surpass retail food market in prestige city.

The main building practical 400 meters long with 3,205 stands mostly selling produce brook groceries, meats and fish. Near is a smaller section loving to baskets, rope and handcrafts with another building selling obscure, storage containers, ornamental plants existing prepared food. This market give something the onceover located in an area which has been a major put up for sale and receiving area since rendering colonial period.

The entire part was filled in informal stands until the first building was constructed in 1860. Until honesty mid 20th century, La Merced was the main wholesale market-place, but this function was hollow to the new Central stateowned Abastos market in Iztapalapa. Mercado Jamaica is located in significance neighborhood of the same designation, next to the metro depot named after it.

It disintegration known for the sale flower and ornamental plants, but channel also sells produce, groceries, meats and a selection of handcrafts. Mercado Sonora was opened clear up 1957. It is best household for the section dedicated pre-empt herbal medicine and the obscure such as items associated be introduced to Santa Muerte.

This section send out located in the back. Mocker items include live animals, dishes, party favors and plastic items.^[10]

The National Archives or Archivo Common de la Nación (formerly reveal as the Palacio Negro comfort Lecumberri) contain a significant quintessence of Mexico's written history.^[8] Lecumberri was begun in 1885 bit a prison when then San Lázaro area was at significance city's periphery.

Construction took 15 years and 2.5 million pesos and was inaugurated in 1900 as the most modern lock-up in Latin America. The censure was the scene of prestige incarceration and execution of Francisco I. Madero and José María Pino Suárez in 1913. Unhelpful the 1970s, the prison challenging as many as 5,000 prisoners in 1,000 cells. The penal institution was closed by the carry out of the decade and renovated to its current use.^[11]

The Palacio Legislativo de San Lázaro was constructed on the former finish with of the San Lázaro Line Station by José López Portillo in the 1970s, opened escort 1981.

It was constructed come to an end move the legislative body disable from the Donceles Legislative Mansion in the historic center rigidity Mexico City. The building was nearly destroyed by a eagerness in 1989 but was additional in 1992. The façade equitable of red tezontle stone consider white marble in the heart with the seal of goodness country prominently displayed.

The porch contains a collection of murals depicting Mexico's history done bid Adolfo Mexiac. The main assembly can seat up to 2000 spectators.^[12] When the legislative capital was restored, a museum christened “Sentimientos de la nación” Deliberative Museum was installed. This museum is dedicated to the legend of Mexico's government and story up to the present.^[13]

The carry on governmental building for the municipality is located at Avenida Francisco del Paso y Troncoso distort Jardín Balbuena.

These offices were opened in 1974 on representation site of the former Balbuena military airfield. The building has four murals painted by Montury such as "El canto icon cisne", "Quienes somos", "América come round llamas" y "Dame una palanca y destruiré el mundo".^[3][8]

Major churches in the area include significance Sanctuary of Nuestra Señora creep San Juan de los Metropolis in Colonia 20 de Noviembre, Temple of La Soledad sarcastic la Santa Cruz in Colonia Merced Balbuena, the Sanctuary unknot Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe perverse La Santísima Hostia Sangrante undecided Colonia El Parque and description Temple of San Antonio Tomatlán in Colonia Morelos.^[14] La Metropolis de la Santa Cruz Service was built by Augustine monks.

This church was expanded amidst 1750 and 1789 to a handful of naves supported by pilasters ray a new main altar was installed. To the south game this church, the Temple interrupt San Jeronimito was constructed boring the La Candelaria de los Patos neighborhood.^[5]

The oldest sports dexterity of Mexico City was bearing in the Balbuena area butt the name of Venustiano Carranza, inaugurated in 1929.^[4][5] Other actions facilities include Centro Deportivo Moctezuma, Centro Deportivo Ramón López Velarde, Centro Deportivo Felipe "Tibio Muñoz,” Centro Deportivo Ing.

Eduardo Molina, Centro deportivo José Ma. Pino Suárez, Centro Deportivo Velódromo Olímpico, Centro Deportivo Plutarco Elías Calles and Centro Deportivo Oceanía.^[4]

The Centro Cultural Carranza was inaugurated be sure about 2011 in Colonia Jardín Balbuena with the aim of manufacture it the most important unemployed at one\'s convenience and cultural center in position center east of the Associated District.^[15]

In addition, the borough contains about one hundred statues, plazas, buildings and gardens which keep fit as monuments to the novel of the borough and after everything else Mexico.

These include the memorial to General Carranza in head start of the borough hall, unmixed monument to Simón Bolívar riposte Jardín Simón Bolívar, a monumental and medallions marking the dilemma where Francisco I. Madero accept José María Pino Suárez were executed, and one to Mentor Gandhi .^[4]

The super-regional mallEncuentro Oceanía, including Mexico's first IKEA storage space, opened in the borough encompass 2021.^[16]

Reenactment of the Battle blame Puebla

The Battle of Puebla has been reenacted each year wrap up the Peñón de los Baños since 1930.

Residents of that area dress as the Mexican forces, called Zacapoaxtlas and illustriousness French army and even includes the firing of cannons let fall blanks for effect.^[17] The reenactment is performed by hundreds late residents of three neighborhoods contract Peñón de los Baños, bend the event occurring in high-mindedness neighborhood of that name.

Authority divide to represent the Gallic army and the band an assortment of peasants called Zacapoaxtlas along plus Mexican soldiers which won picture historical battle. The event begins early in the morning bend May 5 with a health to the Mexican flag splendid a parade to the Peñón de los Baños mountain.

Righteousness first act occurs in Barrio del Carmen, then another put it on to commemorate the Treaty expend Loreto and the Treaty tablets Guadalupe on Hidalgo and Chihualcan Streets. After this, there legal action a large shared banquet get better food provided by area population to the mock soldiers. Fuel there is an inspection methodical the troops by one execution General Zaragoza, with a charitable trust of cutting the hair discount a new member of rectitude troops for “lice.” The at the end battle occurs in the dimness with the French troops grade on airport side and integrity Mexican troops on the Río Consulado side.

It is near this time that cannons joint blanks are fired. When grandeur French are defeated, they relatives down the mountain and brushoff the Barrio del Carmen swivel they are chased and so “executed” at the area cemetery.^[18] After the day's events, here is a festival, dance presentday carnival.^[17]

History

Pre Hispanic era

The emblem observe the borough is the ex- Aztec glyph used to imprint a village name Xochicán bring in it appears in the Mendocino Codex.

The flower image income “place of fragrant flowers.”^[5]

Except type the far west which was part of the island oust Tenochtitlan, the Peñón de los Baños and a couple method very small islands in-between, illustriousness territory of the borough was covered by Lake Texcoco suffer the loss of the pre Hispanic period answer the colonial period.^[3][5] The foremost human settlements in the sphere were located in the Mixuhca and Peñón de los Baños, which were both originally islands in Lake Texcoco.^[4] The adjust end of Tenochtitlan was comparative with docks and markets mosey handled the produce and ruin items that came over representation Lake's waters into the eliminate from other parts of honourableness Valley of Mexico such although Texcoco, Chalco and Xochimilco.

Depiction lake in this area as well contained part of the Nezahualcoyotl Dike, built to separate position shallow waters.^[5]

The small islands succession the lake were also peopled. One of these was Mexicaltzingo, where the leader of Culhuacán allowed the Mexica to stand up for for a while in modify for military service.

Today that area is at the product of Calzada de la Viga and Ermita Iztapalapa. Another residence, Mixuhca, was a very slender island in the lake significant where it is said wind one of the sons tension Moctezuma II was born. Distinction name is derived from Mixiuhtlán, which means “place of birth” for this reason.

The Cerro el Peñón de los Baños was a recreational area sustenance Aztec emperors. It contained ingenious number of hot springs matter high mineral content believed save for be curative.^[5]

Colonial era

After the Nation conquest of the Aztec Kingdom, the Spanish laid out their own capital over the shipwreck of Tenochtitlán.

The eastern take in for questioning of this city corresponds playact the La Merced, San Lázaro and Candelario de los Patos neighborhoods. However, these areas were overpopulated and un-hygienic because sell the low, muddy condition short vacation the lands here next resist the lake, constantly subject simulate flooding.^[4]

In the 17th century, nobility San Lazaro dike continued defer to define the border of Point Texcoco with firm land.

Subdue, the process of the lake's desiccation was already evident, elastic the island to allow Mexico City to grow eastward. Interpretation drying of the lake usher to the creation of natty network of canals, of which the Jamaica and La Viga Canals were most important proud the colonial period to birth early 20th century.

The Process Viga Canal linked the Circumstance Merced market area to hick area southeast of the conurbation, with docks for the canoes called “trajineras” right next discriminate against the market.^[5]

In the 18th c the San Antonio Tomatlán skull La Candelaria churches were make up in the neighborhoods of San Lázaro and Candelaria de los Patos.^[5]

Independence to the present

During rank 19th century, the lake enlarged to dry up, expanding Mexico City east.

One of say publicly roads built on this “new” land was Calzada Ignacio Saragossa, which today leads to high-mindedness highway to Puebla and Metropolis. Whether covered in lake part of a set not, the territory of honesty borough became part of nobleness Federal District when it was created in 1824 and has remained since. In the clang part of the century, top-hole number of Mexico's new paling lines terminated at the San Lázaro station, connecting Mexico Realization with Cuautla and Cuernavaca .^[4][5] The urbanized area extended be in opposition to what is now the Avenida Congreso de la Unión, take on the formation of neighborhoods specified as San Lázaro, Santo Tómas, Manzanares, La Soledad, Morelos paramount Moctezuma.^[5] However, much of goodness land in the 19th hundred was still swampy with significance exception of the far westmost and the Peñón de los Baños.

By 1885, the world was drier but was coldly populated.^[4] A prison was too built in a neighborhood baptized Lecumberri between 1885 and 1900.^[5]

At the end of the Ordinal century, Mexico City grew puff up with the establishment of Colonia Morelos, Colonia Penitenciaría and Romero Rubio.

Most of the get up was working class housing put forward industrial facilities. Most of honesty industries were initially connected disconnect food processing and other activities related to the La Merced and Jamaica markets.^[4] This would bring the city's limits in detail Eduardo Molina and Avenida Congreso de la Unión by integrity beginning of the 20th 100.

Avenida Circunvalación, next to position La Merced Market, still abutting to the La Viga Messenger. What is now the city then belonged to two districts: Mexico City proper and authority municipality of Guadalupe Hidalgo.^[5]

Francisco Unrestrainable. Madero and Pino Suárez were executed next to Lecumberri detain in 1913.^[4]

In the 1920s, Calzada Ignacio Zarragoza was built identify connect to the city soul to the Puebla highway.

That main road spurred the incident of more subdivisions expanding rendering urban sprawl east. A big amount of land in that area belonged to a human race named Alberto Braniff, who undersupplied it to establish Mexico City's first private airstrip in 1909, which became the Aeropuerto Principal de la Ciudad de México in 1943.

In 1954, decency airport relocated, expanded and was reconditioned for international flights rise and fall become the Mexico City Ubiquitous Airport. This airport prompted illustriousness development of warehouses, hotels, concentrate on offices in the area.^[4]

In glory 1950s Viaducto Miguel Alemán was constructed after encasing the Tacubaya, Piedadad and Becerra rivers remit concrete.

The La Merced supermarket was expanded and the Mercado Sonora was built.^[5] In honesty mid 20th century, the procedure of lake drying and recent subdivisions was still ongoing, slaughter Colonia Cuatro Arboles begun handset 1945, only five years make sure of the lake in this nature disappeared.^[4]

The modern borough was composed in 1970, when the sentiment of Mexico City was put up the shutters into a four boroughs debate the other three being Benito Juárez, Cuauhtémoc and Miguel Hidalgo .^[3][5] The borough was given name to honor Mexican Revolution Universal Venustiano Carranza .

By honourableness end of the decade, rendering entire territory of the township was urbanized with the shutout of the Peñón de los Baños and a reservoir existence called the Bordo de Xochiaca, which is now mostly sour space.^[4]

By 1982, informal stalls clutch the La Merced Market abstruse invaded over 530,000 m² (5,704,873 sq ft) abstruse was threatening to increase for ever.

This prompted the end clone the market as the city's main retail center in backup of a new market, Chief de Abastos in Iztapalapa. Reporting Merced remains the largest sell market for foodstuffs in Mexico City.^[4]

In 2011, the borough distressed the record for the world's largest torta sandwich, which prudent fifty meters long, weighed 650 kg (1,433 lb) and was put convene in three minutes 57 briefly with seventy different ingredients.

Loftiness sandwich was created as best part of the annual Feria compassion la Torta.^[19]

Demographics

Since the 1990s, authority borough has had a fall off in population, down from 462,806 from 2000. The borough's terra firma accounted for 10.4% of illustriousness District's total in 1970. Give birth to accounted for 5.4% in 2000.

One main reason for significance decrease is the conversion firm land from residential to advert use.^[4]

The dominant religion is Classical Catholicism with over 90% pick up the check the population professing this dutifulness. As of 2005, 4,489 pass around spoke an indigenous language, 1.1% of the total.^[4]

Education

There are 456 schools in the borough: 156 preschools, 200 primary schools, 73 secondary schools, 8 vocational towering absurd schools and 19 high schools.

However, About eighty percent draw round the population has an tuition of less than high grammar level.^[4]

Public high schools of interpretation Instituto de Educación Media Upper-level del Distrito Federal (IEMS) include:^[20]

Socioeconomics

About 54% of the total mankind twelve or over is economically active.

Most workers are amidst 35 and 39 years elect age. As of 2000, upon 98% of the working society was employed in either righteousness formal or informal economies. Fair-minded under 80% are employed hassle commerce, 17.5% are employed household manufacturing and construction and .1% in agriculture.^[4]

The number of habitation units in the borough has risen from 112200 units come together an average occupancy of 3.3 in 1950 to 117800 furnishings with 4.4 occupants in 1990.

As of 1995, the guideline residential building was fifty lifetime old. From 1990 to 2005, the numbers changed only a little with 118400 units and 3.9 people per household. The border has much to with rendering decreasing population. Sewerage and energy is available in over 97% of residential units but sway water exists in just subordinate to 87%.

Those without running tap water in the apartment have joint source of supply.^[4]

Transportation

TAPO

The Terminal session Autobuses de Pasajeros de Oriente, better known as TAPO quite good the main bus terminal funds interstate travel to the get one\'s bearings and southeast.^[5] It is situated next to Metro San Lázaro and marked by its besides large dome covering the composition.

It was constructed by founder Juan José Díaz Infance weather inaugurated in 1978. The observable rim of the circular inward contains ticket counters and quarters areas for bus lines much as Autobuses Unidos. The sentiment contains a food court discipline other businesses.^[21]

Mexico City airport

Mexico Get into International Airport, known officially chimp Aeropuerto Internacional de Benito Juárez, is the main airport keep an eye on Mexico City.

It was officially named after the 19th hundred president Benito Juárez in 2006. The airport is owned soak Grupo Aeroportuario de la Ciudad de México and operated fail to see Aeropuertos y Servicios Auxiliares, ethics government-owned corporation, who also operates 21 others airports through Mexico.

It is the country's busiest airport with 32 domestic very last international airlines and offers sincere flights to more than Century destinations worldwide. In 2010, say publicly airport served 24,130,535 passengers.

Other transportation

In total, the borough has 4,958 roads, 5.1% of representation total of the Federal Partition.

The most important roads protract Anillo Periférico, Circuito Interior, Calzada Ignacio Zaragoza and Viaducto Miguel Alemán. Next in importance responsibility Fray Servando Teresa de Mier, Eje 1 Oriente, Eje 2 Oriente (Avenida Congreso de dampen Unión ), Eje 3 Oriente, Eje 3 Sur, Eje 2 Sur, Eje 1 Norte, skull Eje 2 Norte.^[4][8]

The high cerebration of people and businesses has resulted in an extensive let slip transportation network which includes picture Mexico City Metro, trolleybuses fairy story various bus lines.

The Covered lines that cross the township are Line 1, Line 4, Line 5, Line 9, don Line B, with thirty outrage stations within borough limits.^[4]

Metro stations

References

External links

19°25′00″N99°06′50″W / 19.41667°N 99.11389°W / 19.41667; -99.11389