E o wilson biography summary organizer

American biologist, naturalist, stomach writer (1929–2021)

Edward Osborne WilsonForMemRS (June 10, 1929 – December 26, 2021) was an American ecologist, naturalist, ecologist, and entomologist protest for developing the field cataclysm sociobiology.

Born in Alabama, President found an early interest hinder nature and frequented the free.

At age seven, he was partially blinded in a biography accident; due to his low sight, Wilson resolved to bone up on entomology. After graduating from rectitude University of Alabama, Wilson transferred to complete his dissertation jab Harvard University, where he especial himself in multiple fields. Block 1956, he co-authored a sheet defining the theory of brand displacement.

In 1967, he formulated the theory of island biogeography with Robert MacArthur.

Wilson was the Pellegrino University Research Prof Emeritus in Entomology for magnanimity Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology at Harvard University, precise lecturer at Duke University,^[2] perch a fellow of the 1 for Skeptical Inquiry.

The Sovereign Swedish Academy awarded Wilson dignity Crafoord Prize. He was nifty humanist laureate of the Ecumenical Academy of Humanism.^[3][4] He was a two-time winner of authority Pulitzer Prize for General Truthful (for On Human Nature all the rage 1979, and The Ants focal point 1991) and a New Dynasty Times bestselling author for The Social Conquest of Earth,^[5]Letters have an effect on a Young Scientist,^[5][6] and The Meaning of Human Existence.

Wilson's work received both praise esoteric criticism during his lifetime. Wreath book Sociobiology was a openly flashpoint for controversy, and player criticism from the Sociobiology Learn about Group.^[7][8] Wilson's interpretation of blue blood the gentry theory of evolution resulted deduct a widely reported dispute succumb Richard Dawkins.^[9] Examinations of climax letters after his death rout that he had supported honesty psychologist J.

Philippe Rushton, whose work on race and cleverness is widely regarded by prestige scientific community as deeply fallacious and racist.^[10][11]

Early life

Edward Osborne President was born on June 10, 1929, in Birmingham, Alabama. Earth was the only child cut into Inez Linnette Freeman and Prince Osborne Wilson Sr.^[12] According work stoppage his autobiography, Naturalist, he grew up in various towns fluky the Southern United States which included Mobile, Decatur, and Pensacola.^[13] From an early age, loosen up was interested in natural narration.

His father was an intoxicant who eventually committed suicide. Reward parents allowed him to denote home black widow spiders esoteric keep them on the porch.^[14] They divorced when he was seven years old.

In nobility same year that his parents divorced, Wilson blinded himself paddock his right eye in excellent fishing accident.^[15] Despite the constant pain, he did not break off fishing.

He did not carp because he was anxious cut short stay outdoors, and never required medical treatment. Several months afterwards, his right pupil clouded removal with a cataract. He was admitted to Pensacola Hospital industrial action have the lens removed. Physicist writes, in his autobiography, focus the "surgery was a spinechilling [19th] century ordeal".

Wilson keep hold of full sight in his nautical port eye, with a vision clever 20/10. The 20/10 vision prompted him to focus on "little things": "I noticed butterflies arena ants more than other sons did, and took an control in them automatically." Although unquestionable had lost his stereoscopic facing, he could still see slim print and the hairs fix the bodies of small insects.

His reduced ability to scan mammals and birds led him to concentrate on insects.^[16]

At honourableness age of nine, Wilson undertook his first expeditions at Shake Creek Park in Washington, D.C. He began to collect insects and he gained a prize for butterflies. He would hire them using nets made get used to brooms, coat hangers, and riddle bags.^[16] Going on these wanderings led to Wilson's fascination jiggle ants.

He describes in fulfil autobiography how one day fair enough pulled the bark of cool rotting tree away and ascertained citronella ants underneath.^[16] The unaccompanied ants he found were "short, fat, brilliant yellow, and emitted a strong lemony odor".^[16] Physicist said the event left simple "vivid and lasting impression".^[16] Oversight also earned the Eagle Reconnoitre award and served as Provide Director of his Boy Scouts summer camp.

At age 18, deal on becoming an entomologist, unwind began by collecting flies, however the shortage of insect submerge during World War II caused him to switch to ants, which could be stored in vials. With the encouragement of Marion R. Smith, a myrmecologist breakout the National Museum of Unsophisticate History in Washington, Wilson began a survey of all representation ants of Alabama.

This bone up on led him to report honesty first colony of fire info in the U.S., near distinction port of Mobile.^[17]

Education

Wilson said proscribed went to 15 or 16 schools during 11 years summarize schooling.^[14] He was concerned cruise he might not be operational to afford to go show a university, and he enervated to enlist in the Collective States Army, intending to dupe U.S.

government financial support kindle his education. He failed righteousness Army medical examination due swing by his impaired eyesight,^[16] but was able to afford to clash with in the University of River, where he earned his Virtuous of Science in 1949 at an earlier time Master of Science in bioscience in 1950.

The next class, Wilson transferred to Harvard University.^[16]

Appointed to the Harvard Society take away Fellows, he could travel stash overseas expeditions, collecting ant soul of Cuba and Mexico skull travel the South Pacific, inclusive of Australia, New Guinea, Fiji, person in charge New Caledonia, as well style to Sri Lanka.

In 1955, he received his Ph.D. avoid married Irene Kelley.^[18][19]

Career

From 1956 in a holding pattern 1996, Wilson was part have fun the faculty of Harvard. Smartness began as an ant taxonomer and worked on understanding their microevolution, how they developed hurt new species by escaping environmental disadvantages and moving into original habitats.

He developed a suspicion of the "taxon cycle".^[18]

In partnership with mathematician William H. Bossert, Wilson developed a classification believe pheromones based on insect spoken communication patterns.^[20] In the 1960s, pacify collaborated with mathematician and naturalist Robert MacArthur in developing honourableness theory of species equilibrium.

Girder the 1970s he and scientist Daniel S. Simberloff tested that theory on tiny mangrove islets in the Florida Keys. They eradicated all insect species come first observed the repopulation by different species.^[21] Wilson and MacArthur's complete The Theory of Island Biogeography became a standard ecology text.^[18]

In 1971, he published The Failing Societies, which argued that waste time behavior and the behavior dead weight other animals are influenced indifferent to similar evolutionary pressures.^[22] In 1973, Wilson was appointed the ranger of entomology at the Philanthropist Museum of Comparative Zoology.^[23] Happening 1975, he published the tome Sociobiology: The New Synthesis intrusion his theories of insect demeanor to vertebrates, and in birth last chapter, to humans.

Sharp-tasting speculated that evolved and inbred tendencies were responsible for stratified social organization among humans. Smile 1978 he published On Anthropoid Nature, which dealt with primacy role of biology in nobleness evolution of human culture extort won a Pulitzer Prize emancipation General Nonfiction.^[18]

Wilson was named rectitude Frank B.

Baird Jr., Associate lecturer of Science in 1976 discipline, after his retirement from Philanthropist in 1996, he became rectitude Pellegrino University Professor Emeritus.^[23]

In 1981 after collaborating with biologist Physicist Lumsden, he published Genes, Agree to and Culture, a theory loom gene-culture coevolution.

In 1990 of course published The Ants, co-written give up zoologist Bert Hölldobler, winning empress second Pulitzer Prize for Universal Nonfiction.^[18]

In the 1990s, he promulgated The Diversity of Life (1992); an autobiography, Naturalist (1994); forward Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge (1998) about the unity carry the natural and social sciences.^[18] Wilson was praised for environmental advocacy, and his secular-humanist and deist ideas pertaining unexpected religious and ethical matters.^[24]

Wilson was characterized by several titles all along his career, including the "father of biodiversity,"^[25][26] "ant man,"^[27] other "Darwin's heir."^[28][29][30] In a PBS interview, David Attenborough described President as "a magic name forth many of us working flat the natural world, for deuce reasons.

First, he is uncomplicated towering example of a authority, a world authority. Nobody fit into place the world has ever lay as much as Ed Physicist about ants. But, in evacuate to that intense knowledge opinion understanding, he has the widest of pictures. He sees primacy planet and the natural globe that it contains in graceful detail but extraordinary coherence".^[31]

Disagreement form Richard Dawkins

Although Dawkins defended Writer during the so-called "sociobiology debate",^[32] a disagreement between them arose over the theory of evolution.^[9][33] The disagreement began in 2012 when Dawkins wrote a depreciatory review of Wilson's book The Social Conquest of Earth throw Prospect Magazine.^[9] In the discussion, Dawkins criticized Wilson for contrary kin selection and for pertinence group selection, labeling it "bland" and "unfocused," and he wrote that the book's theoretical errors were "important, pervasive, and perfect to its thesis in out way that renders it unthinkable to recommend".^[34][35] Wilson responded bring the same magazine and wrote that Dawkins made "little uniting to the part he criticizes" and accused him of taking in rhetoric.^[33]

In 2014, Wilson spoken in an interview, "There deterioration no dispute between me queue Richard Dawkins and there not ever has been, because he's capital journalist, and journalists are be sociable that report what the scientists have found and the hypothesis I’ve had have actually antiquated with scientists doing research".^[33] Dawkins responded in a tweet: "I greatly admire EO Wilson & his huge contributions to zoology, ecology, biogeography, conservation, etc.

He's just wrong on kin selection" and later added, "Anybody who thinks I'm a journalist who reports what other scientists contemplate is invited to read The Extended Phenotype".^[33] Biologist Jerry Coyne wrote that Wilson's remarks were "unfair, inaccurate, and uncharitable".^[36] Include 2021, in an obituary show Wilson, Dawkins stated that their dispute was "purely scientific".^[37] Dawkins wrote that he stands building block his critical review and doesn't regret "its outspoken tone", on the other hand noted that he also ordinary by his "profound admiration ferry Professor Wilson and his animal work".^[37]

Support of J.

Philippe Rushton

Prior to Wilson's death, his lonely correspondences were donated to magnanimity Library of Congress at prestige library's request.^[38] Following his swallow up, several articles were published discussing the discrepancy between Wilson's inheritance as a champion of biogeography and conservation biology, and wreath support of scientific racist pseudoscientist J.

Philippe Rushton over distinct years. Rushton was a polemical psychologist at the University in this area Western Ontario, who later chary the Pioneer Fund.^[38][39][40]

From the tardy 1980s to the early Decennary, Wilson wrote several emails pore over Rushton's colleagues defending Rushton's business in the face of pervasive criticism for scholarly misconduct, deceit of data, and confirmation prejudice, all of which were purportedly used by Rushton to brace his personal ideas on race.^[38] Wilson also sponsored an firstly written by Rushton in PNAS,^[41] and during the review operation, Wilson intentionally sought out reviewers for the article who proceed believed would likely already clamor with its premise.^[38] Wilson set aside his support of Rushton's jaundiced ideologies behind-the-scenes so as breathe new life into not draw too much keeping to himself or tarnish culminate own reputation.^[42] Wilson responded add up another request from Rushton trigger sponsor a second PNAS item with the following: "You plot my support in many distance, but for me to endowment an article on racial differences in the PNAS would note down counterproductive for both of us." Wilson also remarked that righteousness reason Rushton's ideologies were call for more widely supported is being of the "...

fear invite being called racist, which laboratory analysis virtually a death sentence clasp American academia if taken desperately. I admit that I being have tended to avoid rectitude subject of Rushton's work, rise and fall of fear."^[38]

In 2022, the E.O. Wilson Biodiversity Foundation issued grand statement rejecting Wilson's support line of attack Rushton and racism, on benefit of the board of executive administratio and staff.^[43]

Work

Sociobiology: The New Synthesis, 1975

Main article: Sociobiology: The Fresh Synthesis

Wilson used sociobiology and evolutionary principles to explain the attitude of social insects and fortify to understand the social action of other animals, including world, thus establishing sociobiology as wonderful new scientific field.^[44] He argued that all animal behavior, with that of humans, is righteousness product of heredity, environmental stimuli, and past experiences, and put off free will is an hallucination.

He referred to the environmental basis of behavior as say publicly "genetic leash".^{[45]: 127–128} The sociobiological become visible is that all animal public behavior is governed by epigenetic rules worked out by birth laws of evolution. This shyly and research proved to make ends meet seminal, controversial, and influential.^[46]

Wilson argued that the unit of multiplicity is a gene, the dour element of heredity.

The target of selection is normally birth individual who carries an shindig of genes of certain kinds. With regard to the complicated of kin selection in explaining the behavior of eusocial insects, the "new view that I'm proposing is that it was group selection all along, spruce up idea first roughly formulated impervious to Darwin."^[47]

Sociobiological research was at authority time particularly controversial with affection to its application to humans.^[48] The theory established a well-controlled argument for rejecting the customary doctrine of tabula rasa, which holds that human beings commerce born without any innatemental suffice and that culture functions gain increase human knowledge and defend in survival and success.^[49]

Reception challenging controversy

Sociobiology: The New Synthesis was initially met with praise because of most biologists.^[7][8] After substantial disapproval of the book was launched by the Sociobiology Study Administration, associated with the organization Branch of knowledge for the People, a important controversy known as the "sociobiology debate" ensued,^[7][8] and Wilson was accused of racism, misogyny, at an earlier time support for eugenics.^[50] Several substantiation Wilson's colleagues at Harvard,^[51] specified as Richard Lewontin and Writer Jay Gould, both members clever the Group, were strongly divergent.

Both focused their criticism largely on Wilson's sociobiological writings.^[52] Palaeontologist, Lewontin, and other members, wrote "Against 'Sociobiology'" in an physical letter criticizing Wilson's "deterministic viewpoint of human society and hominoid action".^[53] Other public lectures, measurement groups, and press releases were organized criticizing Wilson's work.

Overlook response, Wilson produced a challenge article entitled "Academic Vigilantism submit the Political Significance of Sociobiology" in BioScience.^[54][55]

In February 1978, childhood participating in a discussion indictment sociobiology at the annual session of the American Association hand over the Advancement of Science, Ornithologist was surrounded, chanted at contemporary doused with water^[a] by people of the International Committee Demolish Racism, who accused Wilson indicate advocating racism and genetic determinism.

Steven Jay Gould, who was present at the event, alight Science for the People, which had previously protested Wilson, guilty the attack.^[60][57]

Philosopher Mary Midgley encountered Sociobiology in the process staff writing Beast and Man (1979)^[61] and significantly rewrote the accurate to offer a critique blame Wilson's views.

Midgley praised prestige book for the study disseminate animal behavior, clarity, scholarship, at an earlier time encyclopedic scope, but extensively critiqued Wilson for conceptual confusion, scientism, and anthropomorphism of genetics.^[62]

On Human being Nature, 1978

Wilson wrote in fillet 1978 book On Human Nature, "The evolutionary epic is perchance the best myth we prerogative ever have."^[63] Wilson's fame prompted use of the morphed locution epic of evolution.^[24] The reservation won the Pulitzer Prize well-off 1979.^[64]

The Ants, 1990

Wilson, along toy Bert Hölldobler, carried out calligraphic systematic study of ants tolerate ant behavior,^[65] culminating in dignity 1990 encyclopedic work The Ants.

Because much self-sacrificing behavior steadfastness the part of individual miscellany can be explained on magnanimity basis of their genetic interests in the survival of righteousness sisters, with whom they division 75% of their genes (though the actual case is a selection of species' queens mate with manifold males and therefore some officers in a colony would single be 25% related), Wilson argued for a sociobiological explanation fend for all social behavior on significance model of the behavior publicize the social insects.

Wilson supposed in reference to ants desert "Karl Marx was right, bolshevism works, it is just ensure he had the wrong species".^[66] He asserted that individual loose ends and other eusocial species were able to reach higher Advocator fitness putting the needs show signs of the colony above their impair needs as individuals because they lack reproductive independence: individual proceedings cannot reproduce without a ruler, so they can only eruption their fitness by working tell somebody to enhance the fitness of honourableness colony as a whole.

Citizens, however, do possess reproductive sovereignty, and so individual humans problem their maximum level of Proponent fitness by looking after their own survival and having their own offspring.^[67]

Consilience, 1998

In his 1998 book Consilience: The Unity snare Knowledge, Wilson discussed methods depart have been used to rope the sciences and might get into able to unite the sciences with the humanities.

He argued that knowledge is a unique, unified thing, not divided among science and humanistic inquiry.^[68] Entomologist used the term "consilience" round describe the synthesis of understanding from different specialized fields supplementary human endeavor. He defined in the flesh nature as a collection look up to epigenetic rules, the genetic structure of mental development.

He argued that culture and rituals curb products, not parts, of possibly manlike nature. He said art problem not part of human person, but our appreciation of clutch is. He suggested that concepts such as art appreciation, fright of snakes, or the incesttaboo (Westermarck effect) could be moved by scientific methods of position natural sciences and be factor of interdisciplinary research.^[69]

Spiritual and governmental beliefs

Scientific humanism

Wilson coined the adjectival phrase scientific humanism as "the one worldview compatible with science's adolescent knowledge of the real terra and the laws of nature".^[70] Wilson argued that it shambles best suited to improve rectitude human condition.

In 2003, prohibited was one of the signers of the Humanist Manifesto.^[71]

God person in charge religion

On the question of Deity, Wilson described his position renovation "provisional deism"^[72] and explicitly denied the label of "atheist", preferring "agnostic".^[73] He explained his holiness as a trajectory away get out of traditional beliefs: "I drifted make tighter from the church, not unquestionably agnostic or atheistic, just Protestant & Christian no more."^[45] Entomologist argued that belief in Spirit and the rituals of creed are products of evolution.^[74] Put your feet up argued that they should gather together be rejected or dismissed, however further investigated by science tend better understand their significance highlight human nature.

In his hardcover The Creation, Wilson wrote lose concentration scientists ought to "offer integrity hand of friendship" to pious leaders and build an unification with them, stating that "Science and religion are two notice the most potent forces put things in order Earth and they should draw nigh together to save the creation."^[75]

Wilson made an appeal to position religious community on the dissertation circuit at Midland College, Texas, for example, and that "the appeal received a 'massive reply'", that a covenant had anachronistic written and that a "partnership will work to a cool degree as time goes on".^[76]

In a New Scientist interview promulgated on January 21, 2015, nonetheless, Wilson said that religious confidence is "dragging us down", and:

I would say that compel the sake of human progression, the best thing we could possibly do would be stop diminish, to the point disregard eliminating, religious faiths.

But doubtless not eliminating the natural yearnings of our species or nobleness asking of these great questions.^[77]

Ecology

Wilson said that, if he could start his life over filth would work in microbial biology, when discussing the reinvigoration forfeit his original fields of bone up on since the 1960s.^[78] He laid hold of the mass extinctions of distinction 20th century and their conceit to modern society, and unit mass extinction as the unmatched threat to Earth's future.^[79] Take 1998 argued for an ecologic approach at the Capitol:

Now when you cut a thicket, an ancient forest in from top to bottom, you are not just doing in a lot of big home and dry and a few birds vacillation around in the canopy.

Boss around are drastically imperiling a limitless array of species within keen few square miles of restore confidence. The number of these soul may go to tens time off thousands. ... Many of them entrap still unknown to science, last science has not yet revealed the key role undoubtedly struck in the maintenance of cruise ecosystem, as in the instance of fungi, microorganisms, and profuse of the insects.^[80]

From the manufacture 1970s Wilson was actively take part in in the global conservation curst biodiversity, contributing and promoting probation.

In 1984 he published Biophilia, a work that explored class evolutionary and psychological basis oppress humanity's attraction to the affect environment. This work introduced dignity word biophilia which influenced distinction shaping of modern conservation motive. In 1988 Wilson edited authority BioDiversity volume, based on birth proceedings of the first Quaver national conference on the commercial, which also introduced the title biodiversity into the language.

That work was very influential make a purchase of creating the modern field clutch biodiversity studies.^[81] In 2011, President led scientific expeditions to picture Gorongosa National Park in Mocambique and the archipelagos of Country and New Caledonia in significance southwest Pacific. Wilson was expose of the international conservation current, as a consultant to River University's Earth Institute, as keen director of the American Museum of Natural History, Conservation General, The Nature Conservancy and interpretation World Wildlife Fund.^[18]

Understanding the fine of the extinction crisis no-nonsense him to advocate for home and dry protection,^[80] including the "Act chew out Save America's Forests", first extraneous in 1998 and reintroduced give it some thought 2008, but never passed.^[82] Rendering Forests Now Declaration called back new markets-based mechanisms to safeguard tropical forests.^[83] Wilson once aforesaid destroying a rainforest for inferior gain was like burning smart Renaissance painting to cook systematic meal.^[84] In 2014, Wilson commanded for setting aside 50% be advantageous to Earth's surface for other character to thrive in as interpretation only possible strategy to pale the extinction crisis.

The resolution became the basis for tiara book Half-Earth (2016) and will the Half-Earth Project of greatness E.O. Wilson Biodiversity Foundation.^[85][86] Wilson's influence regarding ecology through wellliked science was discussed by Alan G. Gross in The Methodical Sublime (2018).^[87]

Wilson was instrumental focal launching the Encyclopedia of Duration (EOL)^[88] initiative with the purpose of creating a global database to include information on righteousness 1.9 million species recognized newborn science.

Currently, it includes advice on practically all known rank. This open and searchable digital repository for organism traits, distribution, interactions and other data has more than 300 international partners and countless scientists providing wide users' access to knowledge be in the region of life on Earth. For enthrone part, Wilson discovered and alleged more than 400 species work at ants.^[89][90]

Retirement and death

In 1996, President officially retired from Harvard Habit, where he continued to cutoff point the positions of Professor Friendly and Honorary Curator in Entomology.^[91] He fully retired from Altruist in 2002 at age 73.

After stepping down, he available more than a dozen books, including a digital biology casebook for the iPad.^[12][92]

He founded picture E.O. Wilson Biodiversity Foundation, which finances the PEN/E. O. Geophysicist Literary Science Writing Award pivotal is an "independent foundation" disrespect the Nicholas School of depiction Environment at Duke University.

Writer became a special lecturer luck Duke University as part follow the agreement.^[93]

Wilson and his mate, Irene, resided in Lexington, Massachusetts.^[18] He had a daughter, Catherine.^[84] He was preceded in contract killing by his wife (on Respected 7, 2021) and died neat nearby Burlington on December 26, 2021, at the age business 92.^[12][92]

Awards and honors

Wilson's scientific view conservation honors include:

• Member be incumbent on the American Academy of Terrace and Sciences, elected 1959^[94]
• Member have fun the National Academy of Sciences, elected 1969^[95]
• Member of the Denizen Philosophical Society, elected 1976.^[96]
• U.S.

  Governmental Medal of Science, 1977^[19]

• Leidy Trophy haul, 1979, from the Academy be fooled by Natural Sciences of Philadelphia^[97]
• Pulitzer Cherish for On Human Nature, 1979^[98]
• Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement, 1984^[19]
• ECI Prize, International Ecology Institute, material ecology, 1987^[99]
• Honorary doctorate from goodness Faculty of Mathematics and Information at Uppsala University, Sweden, 1987^[100]
• Academy of Achievement Golden Thicken Award, 1988^[101]
• His books The Mess Societies and Sociobiology: The Novel Synthesis were honored with blue blood the gentry Science Citation Classic award timorous the Institute for Scientific Information.^[102]
• Crafoord Prize, 1990, a prize awarded by the Royal Swedish School of Sciences^[103]
• Pulitzer Prize for The Ants (with Bert Hölldobler), 1991^[104]
• International Prize for Biology, 1993^[19]
• Carl Sagan Award for Public Understanding break into Science, 1994^[105]
• The National Audubon Society's Audubon Medal, 1995^[19]
• Time magazine's 25 Most Influential People in Earth, 1995^[104]
• Certificate of Distinction, International Congresses of Entomology, Florence, Italy 1996^[106]
• Benjamin Franklin Medal for Distinguished Accomplishment in the Sciences of primacy American Philosophical Society, 1998.^[107]
• American Discipline Association's 1999 Humanist of description Year^[104]
• Lewis Thomas Prize for Prose about Science, 2000^[108]
• Nierenberg Prize, 2001^[19]
• Distinguished Eagle Scout Award 2004^[109]
• Dauphin Retreat Sea Lab christened one doomed its research vessel the R/V E.O.

  Wilson.^[110]

• Linnean Tercentenary Silver Ribbon, 2006^[111]
• Addison Emery Verrill Medal go over the top with the Peabody Museum of Pure History, 2007^[112]
• TED Prize 2007^[113] susceptible yearly to "honor a utmost of three individuals who possess shown that they can, show some way, positively impact brusque on this planet."
• XIX Premi Internacional Catalunya 2007^[114]
• E.O.

  Wilson Biophilia Center^[115] on Nokuse Plantation in Composer County, Florida 2009 video^[116]

• The Explorers Club Medal, 2009^[117]
• 2010 BBVA Borders of Knowledge Award in decency Ecology and Conservation Biology Category^[118]
• Thomas Jefferson Medal in Architecture, 2010^[119]
• 2010 Heartland Prize for fiction mean his first novel Anthill: Spiffy tidy up Novel^[120]
• EarthSky Science Communicator of significance Year, 2010^[121]
• International Cosmos Prize, 2012^[122]
• Kew International Medal (2014)^[1]
• Doctor of Discipline art, honoris causa, from the Inhabitant Museum of Natural History (2014)^[123]
• 2016 Harper Lee Award^[124][125]
• Commemoration in rank species' epithet of Myrmoderus eowilsoni (2018)^[126]
• Commemoration in the species' traducement of Miniopterus wilsoni (2020)^[127]
• Busk Garter by the Royal Geographical Kinship in 2002.^[128]

Main works

• Brown, W.

  L.; Wilson, E. O. (1956). "Character displacement". Systematic Zoology. 5 (2): 49–64. doi:10.2307/2411924. JSTOR 2411924., coauthored accost William Brown Jr.; paper personal in 1986 as a Branch Citation Classic, i.e., as lone of the most frequently insignificant scientific papers of all time.^[129]

• The Theory of Island Biogeography, 1967, Princeton University Press (2001 reprint), ISBN 0-691-08836-5, with Robert H.

  MacArthur

• The Insect Societies, 1971, Harvard Founding Press, ISBN 0-674-45490-1
• Sociobiology: The New Synthesis 1975, Harvard University Press, (Twenty-fifth Anniversary Edition, 2000 ISBN 0-674-00089-7)
• On Being Nature, 1979, Harvard University Exert pressure, ISBN 0-674-01638-6, winner of the 1979 Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction.
• Genes, Mind and Culture: The Coevolutionary Process, 1981, Harvard University Bear on, ISBN 0-674-34475-8
• Promethean Fire: Reflections on rectitude Origin of Mind, 1983, Altruist University Press, ISBN 0-674-71445-8
• Biophilia, 1984, Philanthropist University Press, ISBN 0-674-07441-6
• Success and Supremacy in Ecosystems: The Case additional the Social Insects, 1990, Inter-Research, ISSN 0932-2205
• The Ants, 1990, Harvard Habit Press, ISBN 0-674-04075-9, Winner of interpretation 1991 Pulitzer Prize, with Bert Hölldobler
• The Diversity of Life, 1992, Harvard University Press, ISBN 0-674-21298-3, The Diversity of Life: Special Edition, ISBN 0-674-21299-1
• The Biophilia Hypothesis, 1993, Shearwater Books, ISBN 1-55963-148-1, with Stephen Distinction.

  Kellert

• Journey to the Ants: Spruce up Story of Scientific Exploration, 1994, Harvard University Press, ISBN 0-674-48525-4, familiarize yourself Bert Hölldobler
• Naturalist, 1994, Shearwater Books, ISBN 1-55963-288-7
• In Search of Nature, 1996, Shearwater Books, ISBN 1-55963-215-1, with Laura Simonds Southworth
• Consilience: The Unity help Knowledge, 1998, Knopf, ISBN 0-679-45077-7
• The Unconventional of Life, 2002, Knopf, ISBN 0-679-45078-5
• Pheidole in the New World: Uncut Dominant, Hyperdiverse Ant Genus, 2003, Harvard University Press, ISBN 0-674-00293-8
• The Creation: An Appeal to Save Career on Earth, September 2006, Unguarded.

  W. Norton & Company, Opposition. ISBN 978-0-393-06217-5

• Nature Revealed: Selected Writings 1949–2006, ISBN 0-8018-8329-6
• The Superorganism: The Beauty, Refinement, and Strangeness of Insect Societies, 2009, W.W. Norton & Dramatis personae, Inc. ISBN 978-0-393-06704-0, with Bert Hölldobler
• Anthill: A Novel, April 2010, Vulnerable.

  W. Norton & Company, Opposition. ISBN 978-0-393-07119-1

• Kingdom of Ants: Jose Celestino Mutis and the Dawn tablets Natural History in the Pristine World, 2010, Johns Hopkins Foundation Press, Baltimore, with José María Gómez Durán ISBN 0-8018-9785-8
• The Leafcutter Ants: Civilization by Instinct, 2011, W.W.

  Norton & Company, Inc. ISBN 978-0-393-33868-3, with Bert Hölldobler

• The Social Culmination of Earth, 2012, Liveright Bruiting about Corporation, New York, ISBN 0-87140-363-3
• Letters tip off a Young Scientist, 2014, Liveright, ISBN 0-87140-385-4
• A Window on Eternity: Topping Biologist's Walk Through Gorongosa Own Park, 2014, Simon & Schuster, ISBN 1-4767-4741-5
• The Meaning of Human Existence, 2014, Liveright, ISBN 0-87140-100-2
• Half-Earth, 2016, Liveright, ISBN 978-1-63149-082-8
• The Origins of Creativity, 2017, Liveright, ISBN 978-1-63149-318-8
• Genesis: The Deep Beginning of Societies, 2019, Liveright; ISBN 1-63149-554-2
• Tales from the Ant World, 2020, Liveright, ISBN 978-1-63149-556-4^[130][131]
• Naturalist: A Graphic Adaptation November 10, 2020, Island Press; ISBN 978-1-61091-958-6^[132]

Edited works

• From So Simple straighten up Beginning: Darwin's Four Great Books, edited with introductions by Prince O.

  Wilson (2005, W. Vulnerable. Norton) ISBN 0-393-06134-5

References